Quality of Work: An Investigation for East and West Germany for the Years 1994 and 2009
Herbert S. Buscher, S. Noack, M. Pelz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2011
Abstract
“Quality of work” – a mainly subjective judgement of employees about their work and the corresponding conditions gained momentum over the last decades. But contrary to quantitative aspects of work and worklife, the term “quality of work” is rather hard to measure and it consists of a mixture of many single indicators related to the worklife of employees. The spectrum of these single indicators range from health considerations up to a flexible management of the work time over a month or a year. The present work contributes to the discussion about the quality of work by introducing additional single indicators into the debate. These are commuting, carreer opportunities within a firm, individual satisfaction with the work income, and a correspondence between formal qualification and the present job. The investigation distinguishes between East and West Germany as well as between age cohorts and the qualification of the interviewed persons. The results are based on the GSOEP for the years 1994 and 2009. Looking at these two years we expect some insights into possible changes in the judgement with respect to the quality of work especially for East German employees shortly after the fall of the wall and nowadays. These insights should help to draw conclusions if East and West German employees are still different in their judgements or if a process of convergence in opions occurred.
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Editorial
Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2011
Abstract
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Ostdeutsche Transformationsgesellschaft: Zum Fortbestand von Strukturen und Verhaltensweisen
Alexander Kubis, Cornelia Lang, Lutz Schneider, Gerhard Heimpold
A. Lorenz (Hrsg.), Ostdeutschland und die Sozialwissenschaften. Bilanz und Perspektiven 20 Jahre nach der Wiedervereinigung,
2011
Abstract
Subject of this contribution is, whether socio-economic structures which have evolved since German Unification in East Germany are still different from those in West Germany or whether they are similar. The findings reveal similarities in terms of fertility behavior and mortality, and educational attainment measured by the proportion of high-school graduates reveals only minor differences. Contrary, the proportion of persons who have a migration background is considerably lower than in West Germany whereas the proportion of mothers full-time employed exceeds the West German average. Net-migration losses in East Germany linked with the echo-effects of postponed births will exert a strong impact on the future potential of population in working age. This in mind, maintaining human capital will be a great future challenge.
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East German economy in 2011: Despite overall Economic Growth no Progress in Catching Up
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Franziska Exß, Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2011
Abstract
All in all, the IWH expects that GDP of East Germany will increase by 2.8% this year. With this forecast, the growth gap with the West will indeed reduce significantly, but the growth rate remains once again behind the West. The reason is not only that the East German federal states have to consolidate their budgets. The weaker increase in aggregate output is also due to export and innovation weakness, the lack of large enterprises, the aging and declining population.
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Old Age Poverty and Satisfaction with Living Conditions in East and West Germany, 1995 and 2009
L. J. Zhu, Anja Weißenborn, Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2011
Abstract
The current contribution presents poverty indicators for West and East Germany for the years 1995 and 2009. The analysis is based on the two corresponding waves of the GSOEP. We only consider households with at least one senior citizen aged 65 or above. Furthermore, we distinguish between male and female pensioners. In the first part the weighted equivalized household income is calculated as well as various statistical measures such as the 20%- and 80%-percentile, the 80/20-ratio and the 90/10-ratio of the income distribution of senior citizen households. In an additional step we also present and discuss the main sources of income such households have. In the second part of the contribution we focus on social indicators with respect to the satisfaction with income and the current living conditions as well as the expected situation in five years. As the results show, old age poverty has increased in both parts in Germany with East German women being an exception. With respect to the future, most elder people look optimistically into the future.
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Aktuelle Trends: Starke Zunahme des ehrenamtlichen Engagements von Rentnern
Herbert S. Buscher, Gabriele Hardt, S. Noack
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2011
Abstract
Immer mehr Rentner engagieren sich in Deutschland in ihrer Freizeit ehrenamtlich. Dies ergab eine Analyse der Jahre 1995 und 2008 auf Grundlage des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) des Deutschen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW) Berlin. Als Rentner werden hier Personen ab 65 Jahren betrachtet, unabhängig von ihrem Erwerbsstatus. Ehrenamtlich tätig sind Personen, die laut Angaben im SOEP täglich oder mindestens einmal in der Woche bzw. im Monat ein Ehrenamt ausführen.
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Ageing and Labour Markets: An Analysis on the effect of worker’s age on productivity, innovation and mobility
Lutz Schneider
Technische Universität Dresden. Dissertation,
2011
Abstract
The present study analyses the labour market effect of workers’ ageing. Explicitly, the impact of age on productivity and wages, on innovation as well as on mobility is explored empirically. The econometric analyses are based on firm and employment data from the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and, thus, refer to the labour market of Germany. Regarding the productivity and wage effects of age the econometric results confirm a positive correlation between firm productivity and the share of middle-aged employees (41-50 years old) within the manufacturing sector. Hence, the results provide evidence of an inverted u-shaped age-productivity profile in this sector also found for other countries. Furthermore, age-wage and age-productivity profiles seem to follow unequal patterns. Compared to the group of the 15-30 and the 51 and above years old workers the group of middle-aged employees earn less than a productivity based wage scheme would require. In terms of age effects on innovativeness the micro-econometric analysis again reveals an inverted u-shaped profile. Workers aged around 40 years seem to act as key driver for innovation activities within firms. An additional finding concerns the impact of age diversity on innovation. The expected positive effect of a heterogeneous age structure is not confirmed by the data. With respect to labour market mobility results are in favour of a negative correlation between age and job mobility either in terms of changing professions or firms. The estimation of a multi equation model verifies that expected wages of older workers do not or only marginally increase due to job mobility, so, financial incentives to change jobs are very low. Yet, even after controlling the absent wage incentive older employees still remain more immobile than younger workers. Altogether, these results should not only be of academic interest but also informative for actors on the firm and the governmental level. Both sides are asked to cope with the challenges of demographic change. Only by maintaining productivity and innovativeness until old ages the necessary resources can be generated to preserve an economy’s prosperity even if the share of non-active population is increasing by demographic developments. Secondly, enhancing productivity is essential to ensure employability of older persons and to sustain the size of workforce even in the circumstances of an ageing economy.
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Can Korea Learn from German Unification?
Ulrich Blum
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
We first analyze pre-unification similarities and differences between the two Germanys and the two Koreas in terms of demographic, social, political and economic status. An important issue is the degree of international openness. “Stone-age” type communism of North Korea and the seclusion of the population prevented inner-Korean contacts and contacts with rest of the world. This may create enormous adjustment costs if institutions, especially informal institutions, change. We go on by showing how transition and integration interact in a potential unification process based on the World Bank Revised Minimum Standard Model (RMSM) and on the Salter-Swan-Meade model. In doing so, we relate the macro and external impacts on an open economy to its macro-sectoral structural dynamics. The findings suggest that it is of utmost importance to relate microeconomic policies to the macroeconomic ties and side conditions for both parts of the country. Evidence from Germany suggests that the biggest general error in unification was neglecting these limits, especially limitations to policy instruments. Econometric analysis supports these findings. In the empirical part, we consider unification as an “investment” and track down the (by-and-large immediate to medium-term) costs and the (by-and-large long-term) benefits of retooling a retarded communist economy. We conclude that, from a South-Korean
perspective, the Korean unification will become relatively much more expensive than the German unification and, thus, not only economic, but to a much larger degree political considerations must include the tying of neighboring countries into the convergence process. We finally provide, 62 years after Germany’s division and 20 years after unification, an outlook on the strength of economic inertia in order to show that it may take much more than a generation to compensate the damage inflicted by the communist system.
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Alte Menschen in den Neuen Bundesländern – Von den Gewinnern der Einheit zur neuen Altersarmut?
Herbert S. Buscher, Michael Gühne, Ingmar Kumpmann
Contribution to IWH Volume,
aus "20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Von der Transformation zur europäischen Integration - Tagungsband"
2010
Abstract
Beitrag aus "20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Von der Transformation zur europäischen Integration - Tagungsband". Die alten Menschen in Ostdeutschland galten lange Zeit als Gewinner der deutschen Vereinigung, zumal über die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung ein beträchtlicher Einkommenstransfer von West- nach Ostdeutschland stattgefunden hat und bis heute stattfindet. Inzwischen geraten jedoch zunehmend die Einkommensperspektiven der heutigen aktiven Generation in ihrem künftigen Ruhestand ins Blickfeld. Bei der Diskussion künftiger Lebenslagen alter Menschen überwiegt dabei die Befürchtung, Altersarmut werde als Problem wieder an Bedeutung gewinnen, und dies im Osten mehr als im Westen.
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Soziale Armut im Alter
Herbert S. Buscher, Ingmar Kumpmann, Li Huan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2010
Abstract
Relative Armut in unterschiedlichen Bevölkerungsschichten rückt seit einigen Jahren verstärkt in die öffentliche Diskussion – sei es als Armut von Kindern, Langzeitarbeitslosen oder Geringverdienern, Alleinerziehenden oder Rentnern. Bei der Festlegung, wer arm ist, hat das persönliche Einkommen einen sehr hohen Stellenwert. Materielle Armut ist aber nur eine Seite der Medaille; die andere Seite besteht darin, dass von Armut betroffene oder bedrohte Personen häufig auch nur eingeschränkt am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können – sei es, dass sie ausgegrenzt werden, sei es, dass sie sich selbst vom gesellschaftlichen Leben zurückziehen. Andererseits muss ein niedriges Einkommen nicht zwangsläufig mit Armut gleichgesetzt werden. Es ist ebenso gut denkbar, dass aktive soziale Teilhabe in unterschiedlichster Form einen Mangel an Einkommen durch „Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben“ teilweise kompensieren kann. Der Beitrag untersucht für Deutschland und die Jahre 2003 und 2008 auf der Grundlage der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP), ob insbesondere ältere Menschen, die von Armut betroffen sind, durch zusätzliche gesundheitliche Probleme betroffen sind bzw. weniger als nicht arme Ältere am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können. Erwartungsgemäß sind ältere Menschen zu einem höheren Anteil mit ihrem Gesundheitszustand unzufrieden als jüngere. Unter den Personen, deren Einkommen unterhalb der einkommensbezogenen Armutsgefährdungsschwelle liegt, ist ebenfalls ein signifikant höherer Anteil mit ihrer Gesundheit unzufrieden. Dass Einkommensarmut auch ein Gesundheitsrisiko darstellt, wird dadurch bestätigt. Entsprechende Befunde lassen sich für die Zufriedenheit mit der Freizeit nicht finden: Unter den älteren Menschen sind signifikant mehr mit ihrer Freizeit zufrieden als unter den Befragten im Erwerbsalter. Auch Einkommensarmut geht danach nicht mit größerer Unzufriedenheit mit der Freizeit einher.
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