Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance: The Mediating Role of Productivity
Iftekhar Hasan, Nada Kobeissi, Liuling Liu, Haizhi Wang
Journal of Business Ethics,
No. 3,
2018
Abstract
This study treats firm productivity as an accumulation of productive intangibles and posits that stakeholder engagement associated with better corporate social performance helps develop such intangibles. We hypothesize that because shareholders factor improved productive efficiency into stock price, productivity mediates the relationship between corporate social and financial performance. Furthermore, we argue that key stakeholders’ social considerations are more valuable for firms with higher levels of discretionary cash and income stream uncertainty. Therefore, we hypothesize that those two contingencies moderate the mediated process of corporate social performance with financial performance. Our analysis, based on a comprehensive longitudinal dataset of the U.S. manufacturing firms from 1992 to 2009, lends strong support for these hypotheses. In short, this paper uncovers a productivity-based, context-dependent mechanism underlying the relationship between corporate social performance and financial performance.
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19.04.2018 • 7/2018
Joint Economic Forecast Spring 2018: Germany’s Economic Experts Raise Forecast Slightly
Berlin, 19 April – Germany’s leading economic experts raised their forecasts for 2018 and 2019 slightly in their Spring Joint Economic Forecast released on Thursday in Berlin. They now expect economic growth of 2.2 percent for this year and 2.0 percent for 2019, versus 2.0 percent and 1.8 percent respectively in their autumn forecast. “The German economy is still booming, but the air is getting thinner as unused capacities are shrinking“, notes Timo Wollmershaeuser, ifo Head of Economic Forecasting. Commenting on the new German government’s economic policy, he adds: “It is precisely when the government’s coffers are full that fiscal policy should reflect the implications of its actions for overall economic stability and the sustainability of public finances. The extension of statutory pension benefits outlined in the coalition agreement runs counter to the idea of sustainability.”
Oliver Holtemöller
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Early-Stage Business Formation: An Analysis of Applications for Employer Identification Numbers
Kimberly Bayard, Emin Dinlersoz, Timothy Dunne, John Haltiwanger, Javier Miranda, John Stevens
NBER Working Paper,
No. 24364,
2018
Abstract
This paper reports on the development and analysis of a newly constructed dataset on the early stages of business formation. The data are based on applications for Employer Identification Numbers (EINs) submitted in the United States, known as IRS Form SS-4 filings. The goal of the research is to develop high-frequency indicators of business formation at the national, state, and local levels. The analysis indicates that EIN applications provide forward-looking and very timely information on business formation. The signal of business formation provided by counts of applications is improved by using the characteristics of the applications to model the likelihood that applicants become employer businesses. The results also suggest that EIN applications are related to economic activity at the local level. For example, application activity is higher in counties that experienced higher employment growth since the end of the Great Recession, and application counts grew more rapidly in counties engaged in shale oil and gas extraction. Finally, the paper provides a description of new public-use dataset, the “Business Formation Statistics (BFS),” that contains new data series on business applications and formation. The initial release of the BFS shows that the number of business applications in the 3rd quarter of 2017 that have relatively high likelihood of becoming job creators is still far below pre-Great Recession levels.
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Evaluierung des Einsatzes von Fördermitteln im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe „Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“ (GRW) in Thüringen für den Zeitraum 2011 – 2016
Matthias Brachert, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Eva Dettmann, Alexander Giebler, Peter Haug, Gerhard Heimpold, Mirja Meyborg, Esther Schnabl, Lutz Schneider, Thomas Stahlecker, Mirko Titze, Andrea Zenker
IWH Online,
No. 1,
2018
Abstract
Die Investitionszuschüsse im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe „Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“ (GRW) stellen nach wie vor das quantitativ bedeutendste Förderinstrument mit explizit regionaler Zielsetzung in Deutschland dar. Das Oberziel dieses Programms besteht in der Reduzierung regionaler Disparitäten. Es soll damit einen Beitrag zu dem im Grundgesetz Artikel 72(2) verankerten Ziel der Herstellung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse im Bundesgebiet leisten. Auf der Mikroebene, d. h. der Ebene der Betriebe, zielt die GRW auf die Schaffung und Sicherung dauerhafter und hochwertiger Arbeitsplätze. Dadurch sollen – so das Ziel auf der Makroebene – strukturschwache Gebiete Anschluss an die allgemeine Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Deutschland halten und nicht dauerhaft zurückfallen.
Die Eckpunkte für den Einsatz dieses Programms legen der Bund und die Länder im GRW-Koordinierungsrahmen fest. Jedoch können die Länder weitere Eingrenzungen gegenüber diesen allgemeinen Regelungen vornehmen, um auf die regionalspezifischen Bedingungen vor Ort Rücksicht zu nehmen.
Mit dem Koalitionsvertrag für die 18. Legislaturperiode auf der Bundesebene wurde die Aufgabe einer Weiterentwicklung eines Systems der Förderung strukturschwacher Regionen festgelegt (vgl. CDU, CSU und SPD 2013). Die Weiterentwicklung des Fördersystems wird vor allem deshalb notwendig, weil sich die finanzpolitischen und beihilferechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen – insbesondere in den neuen Ländern – in naher Zukunft weiter verändern werden (Auslaufen der Sonderbedarfs-Bundesergänzungszuweisungen, Greifen der Schuldenbremse, Einschränkung der Fördermöglichkeiten durch das EU-Beihilferecht). Erste Überlegungen zur Anpassung des Fördersystems sehen im Kern eine reformierte GRW vor, die im Zusammenspiel mit wirtschaftsnahen Förderprogrammen (vornehmlich FuE- sowie KMU-Programme des Bundes) sowie nicht unmittelbar wirtschaftsnahen Förderprogrammen (bspw. Städtebauförderung) zum Einsatz kommen soll. Eine Empfehlung für die reformierte GRW lautet, die bisherigen Fördervoraussetzungen (insbesondere Primäreffekt, besondere Anstrengung, Begrenzung der Förderung pro Arbeitsplatz) auf den Prüfstand zu stellen und verstärkt Augenmerk auf Netzwerkbildung, Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung zu richten (vgl. GEFRA, RUFIS 2016).
In der jüngeren Vergangenheit ist das Bewusstsein bei den wirtschaftspolitischen Verantwortungsträgern dafür gewachsen, dass staatliche Eingriffe umfassenden Evaluationen unterzogen werden sollten (vgl. Brachert et al. 2015). Gegenstand ist die Beantwortung der Frage, ob ein Programm eine (kausale) Wirkung auf ex ante bestimmte ökonomische Zielvariablen entfaltet (Effektivität) und ob die Fördermittel tatsächlich in die beste Verwendung fließen (Effizienz). Das Programmmanagement der GRW nimmt diesbezüglich zweifelsohne eine Vorreiterrolle in Deutschland, ein, auch wenn viele Fragen noch nicht abschließend beantwortet sind (vgl. WissBeirat BMWi 2013 und 2015).
Von 1991-2016 setzte der Freistaat Thüringen GRW-Mittel im Umfang von ungefähr 9,5 Mrd. Euro ein. In den 1990er Jahren betrug das jährliche GRW-Volumen noch zwischen rund 300 und knapp 900 Mio. Euro. Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre – mit Ausnahme der Zeit der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise zwischen 2008 und 2013 – ist der Umfang der GRW-Mittel kontinuierlich abgeschmolzen. Im Jahr 2016 wurden „nur“ noch 157 Mio. Euro an GRW-Mitteln im Freistaat Thüringen eingesetzt. Dies bedeutet, dass die Höhe der Anreize, die heute mit der GRW gesetzt werden können, geringer ist.
Nach einem bedeutenden Anstieg der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit im Gefolge der Wiederherstellung der Deutschen Einheit ist der Aufholprozess Ostdeutschlands seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre ins Stocken geraten. Neuere Untersuchungen zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in den neuen Ländern weisen darauf hin, dass der Aufbau eines modernen Kapitalstocks (welcher im Fokus der GRW steht) und die Reallokation von Ressourcen von weniger produktiven Bereichen in Bereiche mit höherer Produktivität – die den Aufholprozess in der ersten Phase maßgeblich getrieben haben – für den weiteren Angleichungsprozess nur wenig zusätzliche Impulse setzen können. Dagegen spielen in der nächsten Phase des Aufholprozesses Humankapital und Innovationen die entscheidende Rolle (vgl. Brautzsch et al. 2016).
Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die ausgeschriebene Studie angelegt. Sie zielt darauf ab, den Einsatz der GRW-Mittel ex post vor dem Hintergrund der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und der Zielsetzungen der GRW und der Förderpolitik des Thüringer Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Digitale Gesellschaft (TMWWDG) zu analysieren, und konkrete Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung und künftige Ausrichtung der Thüringer GRW-Förderung und der sie begleitenden Programme Thüringen-Invest sowie Thüringen-Dynamik zu geben. Die nächste bedeutende Änderung wird die Anpassung der Förderhöchstsätze der prä-definierten C-Fördergebiete an diejenigen der nicht prä-definierten (vornehmlich in Westdeutschland beheimateten) C-Fördergebiete sein (Absenkung der Förderhöchstsätze um 5 Prozentpunkte; vgl. Leitlinien für staatliche Beihilfen mit regionaler Zielsetzung 2014 – 2020 – Regionalleitlinien [RLL] [ABl. C 209 vom 23.7.2013, S. 1]).
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19.12.2017 • 40/2017
The medium-term economic development in Germany from 2017 to 2022 and opportunities for fiscal policies of a new federal government
Due to the cyclical upswing in Germany, in case of unaltered legislation, the general government would achieve considerable budget surpluses in the years ahead. As a consequence, there is large fiscal scope for a new federal government. With the fiscal policy simulation model of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) – Member of the Leibniz Association, the macroeconomic effects of various fiscal policy measures are analysed. The results show that additional government expenditures, like the expansion of social benefits, do have a stronger effect on GDP than revenue cuts, like for instance tax reliefs. „Due to the already high capacity utilisation, revenue cuts seem to be advantageous from a business cycle perspective. Moreover, a reduction of the high taxes and charges on labour would, in contrast to an expansion of social benefits, have a positive effect on potential output“, says Oliver Holtemöller, head of the Department of Macroeconomics and IWH vice president.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Produktivitätsunterschiede zwischen West- und Ostdeutschland und mögliche Erklärungsfaktoren. Ergebnisse aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel 2016
Steffen Müller, Eva Dettmann, Daniel Fackler, Georg Neuschäffer, Viktor Slavtchev, Ute Leber, Barbara Schwengler
IAB-Forschungsbericht 16/2017,
2017
Abstract
After several years of prosperity, the economic situation of German establishments improved further in 2016. Though the productivity in East German establishments converged slightly to the West German level, a significant productivity gap between both parts of Germany still remains. Differences in the economic structure can only explain a small part of this persistent gap: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition suggests that the different sector composition, lower exports and lower capital intensity of East German establishments explain only about one-fifth of the backlog. The observed positive economic development is associated with a further increase in firm profitability and total employment in the establishments in both parts of Germany. It is reflected also in a further increase in the demand for skilled personnel. Even though the majority of the demand could be met in 2016, one-third of all offered jobs remained vacant. As in the past, especially establishments in construction and business services as well as very small establishments, particularly in East Germany, faced considerable recruitment problems. The occupational skill requirements increased slightly over time. The proportion of jobs for skilled workers is on average higher in East German establishments than in West Germany, suggesting a higher formal qualification level of employees in East Germany. Looking at the personnel structure, a significant increase in the share of atypical employment, particularly part-time jobs and marginal employment, over the last years become visible. The participation of establishments in vocational training remains relatively stable: about half of the enterprises that are authorized to provide vocational training do actually train apprentices. However, the corresponding fraction in East Germany is significantly lower since the economic crisis. In contrast, the share of vacant apprenticeship positions there is much higher than in West German establishments, pointing to major problems in finding suitable applicants. The share of employees participating in further training is about one third for several years. As in the past workers in low-skilled occupations participate only about half as often in training as employees in qualified jobs.
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Business Surveys By the Chamber of Industry and Commerce Halle-Dessau and the Economic Development in the Region
Udo Ludwig
T. Brockmeier und U. Ludwig (Hrsg.), Konjunktur. Relevanz von Unternehmensumfragen für Diagnose und Analyse. Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale),
2017
Abstract
Do surveys of firms about their business climate reflect their sentiments only or are they also a reliable indicator for the course of the business cycle? Applying the correlation analysis it is shown, that there exists a statistically significant positive relationship only fort he entirety of firms and the producers of industrial goods but not for the individual branches of services.
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26.09.2017 • 34/2017
Meaningless Work Threatens Employees’ Job Performance
Employees show a significant decline in exerted effort when they are informed about the futility of a task already done. As the results of an experiment conducted by Sabrina Jeworrek from the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) and co-authors show, meaningless work causes anger and disappointment, and can negatively affect employees' later motivation. However, employees seem to “forgive” their employer for cancelling a project if another and still valid purpose is credibly communicated.
Sabrina Jeworrek
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TV and Entrepreneurship
Viktor Slavtchev, Michael Wyrwich
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2017
Abstract
We empirically analyse whether television (TV) can influence entrepreneurial identity and incidence. To identify causal effects, we utilise a quasi-natural experiment setting. During the division of Germany after WWII into West Germany with a free-market economy and the socialistic East Germany with centrally-planned economy, some East German regions had access to West German public TV that – differently from the East German TV – transmitted images, values, attitudes and view of life compatible with the free-market economy principles and supportive of entrepreneurship. We show that during the 40 years of socialistic regime in East Germany entrepreneurship was highly regulated and virtually impossible and that the prevalent formal and informal institutions broke the traditional ties linking entrepreneurship to the characteristics of individuals so that there were hardly any differences in the levels and development of entrepreneurship between East German regions with and without West German TV signal. Using both, regional and individual level data, we show then that, for the period after the Unification in 1990 which made starting an own business in East Germany, possible again, entrepreneurship incidence is higher among the residents of East German regions that had access to West German public TV, indicating that TV can, while transmitting specific images, values, attitudes and view of life, directly impact on the entrepreneurial mindset of individuals. Moreover, we find that young individuals born after 1980 in East German households that had access to West German TV are also more entrepreneurial. These findings point to second-order effects due to inter-personal and inter-generational transmission, a mechanism that can cause persistent differences in the entrepreneurship incidence across (geographically defined) population groups.
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From World Factory to World Investor: The New Way of China Integrating into the World
Bijun Wang, Xiang Li
China Economic Journal,
No. 2,
2017
Abstract
This paper argues that outward direct investment (ODI) is replacing international trade as the new way China integrates into the world. Based on two complementary datasets, we document the pattern of Chinese ODI. We argue that the rapid growth of China’s ODI is the result of strong economic development, increasing domestic constraints, and supportive government policies. Compared with trade integration, investment integration involves China more deeply in global business. As a new global investor, China’s ODI in the future is full of opportunities, risks, and challenges. The Chinese government should improve bureaucracy coordination and participate more in designing and maintaining international rules to protect ODI interests.
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