Auswirkungen der aus dem Konjunkturpaket II für das Zentrale Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand (ZIM) bereitgestellten Mittel auf die konjunkturelle Entwicklung. Gutachten im Auftrag des Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi)
Jutta Günther, Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Brigitte Loose, Nicole Nulsch
One-off Publications,
2011
Abstract
The ZIM program (Zentrales Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand) is a technologically open program of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology to support small and medium enterprises and Science organizations in their research and innovation activities. It became operative July 1, 2008 and offers three program lines: individual projects, cooperative projects, and networks. In reaction to the global economic crisis the ZIM program was increased for the years 2009 and 2010 – in addition to the regulary scheduled 626 Million – by 900 Million Euro through the Konjunkturpaket II (KP II).
In this study, the analysis of the macroeconomic effects of the ZIM program in Germany has been carried out – first time in the evaluation of federal support programs for research and innovation – by the use of the input output method.
The pdf file includes an english summary with details about the study's results.
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Trade Misinvoicing: The Dark Side of World Trade
A. Buehn, Stefan Eichler
The World Economy,
No. 8,
2011
Abstract
We analyse the determinants of trade misinvoicing using data on 86 countries from 1980 to 2005. In a simple microeconomic framework, we derive the determinants of four different types of trade misinvoicing taking into account that only the financial incentives determine whether and how much exports/imports to underinvoice or overinvoice, whereas the deterrents only affect the extent of misinvoicing. The hypothesised determinants are tested using data on discrepancies in bilateral trade with the United States. We find that the black market premia and tariffs motivate illegal trading activities. Higher financial penalties effectively act as a deterrent to this crime.
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Vigorous upswing continues
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
The worldwide upswing has gained momentum since last autumn. The main cause for the high growth dynamics is a monetary policy that is very expansive not only in advanced economies, where the utilization rates for production capacities are mostly still low, but also in emerging market economies that in general have already recovered from the Great Recession.
The German economy participates in the worldwide upswing. Here the recovery is ahead of those in most other advanced economies. Both exports and domestic demand are strongly expanding. One reason for the high growth dynamics is that key interest rates are particularly low for Germany, as the ECB has to take into account that many euro area economies are much more fragile. In addition, Germany still benefits from the wage moderation and the labour market reforms in the past decade: employment is expanding strongly, and firms find many profitable investment projects.
Major risks for this forecast are structural problems of some advanced economies that had become visible during the Great Recession and are still unresolved (concerning the US housing market and the crisis of confidence in the fiscal sustainability of some euro area countries in particular). A further risk is the possibility of further oil price hikes due to political instability in North Africa and the Middle East.
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Measuring Regionalized Knowledge Generation and Transfer – A Feasibility Study Using a Multi-layer Approach in the Free State of Saxony
Mirko Titze, Matthias Brachert, Jutta Günther, Michael Schwartz
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2010
Abstract
Economic literature regards knowledge creation and learning as critical elements for gaining competitive advantage of regions. However, recognizing the importance of innovation and knowledge creation to economic success is far from being novel. Original is the view of increasing importance of knowledge creation for speeding up the depreciation of existing knowledge stocks. This puts a high pressure on regional actors to constantly participate in innovation processes to maintain their competitive advantages. Against this background, regional actors – if they aim to be successful in the globalized economy – first require access to a comprehensive and diversified knowledge base. Second, they need to participate in the processes of knowledge generation and knowledge transfer. Thereby, systemic innovation theory has pronounced the view that the locus of innovation and knowledge creation resides not only within the boundaries of the regional actors, such as private firms, universities, research laboratories, suppliers, and customers, but is the result of an interdependent exchange process between these different types. Collaborative interactions, bringing together different types of actors, may therefore lie well at the heart of accelerated knowledge creation and learning at the regional level (Lundvall and Johnson 1994).
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Midterm Projection: Economic Development and the Public Budget in the Years 2011 - 2015
Kristina vanDeuverden, Rolf Scheufele
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2011
Abstract
In 2010 economic activity in Germany improved steadily. While global trade increased in the first half of the year – and, thus, German exports – domestic demand became increasingly important. Private Investment recovered and – even more important – consumption contributed to economic growth. Moreover, employment reached an all-time high and unemployment decreased further during the year.
Until 2015 economic growth will keep to be relatively high. German external trade will still gain momentum by the development of global trade. However, economic development will be driven more and more by domestic demand. Interest rates will remain relatively low and stimulate investment activity. Moreover, unemployment will continually shrink, partly reflecting demographic developments, but partly mirrored in increasing employment. Due to a higher degree of employment security and rising wages consumption will gain momentum. Real GDP will increase by 2.3% in 2011 and by 1.7% in 2012. From 2013 – 2015 it will rise by 1½% on average.
While the German economy will gain strength, public budgets will clearly improve. In 2010 the deficit ratio exceeds the Maastricht threshold only slightly; in relation to nominal GDP the German budget deficit was about 3.2%. Concerning the high fiscal stimulus, mainly given in the years 2009 and 2010, the deficit ratio is surprisingly low. While income and wage taxes as well as the receipts from social security contributions already increased, unemployment benefits already declined substantially.
The midterm projection shows a favorable development of public budgets. While employment remains high and unemployment continually decreases, the wage tax and the social security contributions will boost revenue. On contrast the same development will lessen public expenditure, especially transfers.
This projection relies heavily on the assumption that fiscal policy will trace its consolidation plans. For instance, it is assumed that the federal level will implement their plans from summer/autumn 2010 and that there will be no additional measures. In this case, in 2015 the German public budget will show a surplus of ¼% in relation to GDP.
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Fiscal Spending Multiplier Calculations based on Input-Output Tables – with an Application to EU Members
Toralf Pusch, A. Rannberg
Abstract
Fiscal spending multiplier calculations have been revived in the aftermath of the
global financial crisis. Much of the current literature is based on VAR estimation
methods and DSGE models. The aim of this paper is not a further deepening of
this literature but rather to implement a calculation method of multipliers which is
suitable for open economies like EU member states. To this end, Input-Output tables are used as by this means the import intake of domestic demand components can be isolated in order to get an appropriate base for the calculation of the relevant import quotas. The difference of this method is substantial – on average the calculated multipliers are 15% higher than the conventional GDP fiscal spending multiplier for EU members. Multipliers for specific spending categories are comparably high, ranging between 1.4 and 1.8 for many members of the EU. GDP drops due to budget consolidation might therefore be substantial if monetary policy is not able to react in an expansionary manner.
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Polen: Solide Erholung wird durch fiskalische Risiken überschattet
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2010
Abstract
Expansion of economic activity in Poland in 2009 continued at a markedly lower level compared to previous years, nevertheless Poland was not as hardly affected by the global financial and economic crisis as other countries. The situation of public finances had worsen due to lower economic activity and given the shrinking labour demand unemployment had risen up, but still moderately. In 2010 the economic activity increased markedly, primarily because of the recovery of situation in external trade countries, but deterioration of general government deficit will continue. Without adopted consolidation strategy the fiscal challenges in the medium term will endanger stable economic growth.
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Ostdeutsche Wirtschaft im Jahr 2010: Krise durchstanden – Strukturelle Schwächen bremsen wirtschaftliche Erholung
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2010
Abstract
Die globale Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise hat tief in der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft eingeschlagen. Die Unternehmen haben zwar ihre Stellung im Wettbewerb mit Anbietern aus den Alten Bundesländern trotz vorübergehend kräftig gestiegener Kosten halten können. Die Produktion ist aber vom Höhepunkt vor der Krise bis zum Tiefstand Anfang 2009 mit −5,8% ähnlich stark wie in Westdeutschland eingebrochen (−6,4%). Seit Mitte 2009 erholt sich die Wirtschaft allmählich. Vor allem die Industrie, die der Krise außerhalb des Finanzsektors am stärksten ausgesetzt war, hat infolge der konjunkturellen Belebung auf den Auslandsmärkten wieder Fahrt aufgenommen. Die Übertragung dieser Impulse auf die Gesamtwirtschaft wird jedoch infolge der geringeren Exportorientierung und des unterdurchschnittlichen Industrialisierungsgrades in Ostdeutschland abgebremst, sodass die Wirtschaft 2010 im Wachstumstempo der Produktion hinter Westdeutschland zurückbleibt. Die Erholung greift seit dem Frühjahr auf den gesamten Unternehmenssektor, darunter insbesondere auf die produktionsnahen Dienstleister, über. Das Baugewerbe profitiert von den zur Verbesserung der Infrastruktur aufgelegten konjunkturstützenden Maßnahmen. Dagegen bleiben die konsumnahen Zweige infolge des Verbrauchsrückgangs einer weiterhin sinkenden Einwohnerzahl in der Erholung zurück. Insgesamt wird das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 1,5% steigen und damit Ende des Jahres noch um 2,3% unter dem Stand im konjunkturellen Höhepunkt des vergangenen Aufschwungs bleiben. Gemessen an der Stärke des Produktionseinbruchs erwies sich der ostdeutsche Arbeitsmarkt in der Krise als bemerkenswert robust. Allerdings entwickelte sich die Beschäftigung ungünstiger als in Westdeutschland. Während in der Industrie Personal in vergleichbarer Größenordnung wie im Westen abgebaut wurde, konnten im Osten die Beschäftigungsverluste nicht durch Einstellungen im Dienstleistungssektor ausgeglichen werden. In diesem Jahr stabilisiert sich die Beschäftigung in beiden Landesteilen in etwa; die Arbeitslosigkeit sinkt in Ostdeutschland aus demographischen Gründen weiter. Für die Erholung bilden bislang weder das Produktionspotenzial noch die Finanzierung der wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten einen Engpass. Die Finanzinstitute haben im Osten anders als im Westen ihre Kreditvergabe im Krisenjahr deutlich erhöht. Die Privatbanken haben dabei Boden gutgemacht. Der Produktionsapparat ist bis zum Ausbruch der Krise durch kräftige Investitionen weiter gewachsen. In der Krise ist sowohl seine Auslastung als auch die Auslastung der personellen Ressourcen gesunken. Der Auslastungsgrad des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials ist allerdings demographisch bedingt gestiegen; dies weist auf schwindende Arbeitskräftereserven und damit auf Engpässe in der Zukunft hin. Mit der Erholung der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität wird sich das Ungleichgewicht zwischen Produktion und Nachfrage in Ostdeutschland wieder verringern; in der Krise war der zuvor beobachtete Abbau des Leistungsbilanzdefizits vorübergehend unterbrochen worden. Zwar steigen die Anlageinvestitionen, jedoch sinkt der private Konsum im Jahr 2010 trotz weiterhin stabilisierender steuerund beitragsfinanzierter Einkommen deutlich. Nach der Krise nehmen in Ost- wie Westdeutschland Produktion und Einkommen pro Kopf wieder zu und damit der daran gemessene Wohlstand der Einwohner. Das schwächere Produktionswachstum im Osten bremst jedoch die weitere Annäherung. Gegenüber dem Westen bleibt der Rückstand des Ostens mit knapp einem Viertel bei der Produktivität und fast 30% bei der Produktion je Einwohner bestehen.
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Russia: Overcoming the Effects of Economic Crisis Takes Time
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2010
Abstract
The last year's decline of Gross Domestic Product in Russia was harder than in most big economies of the world. The financial crisis has revealed specific circumstances of growth in Russia: The situation deteriorated not only by the downfall of crude oil prices, but especially by the Russian banking sector not being able to satisfy financing demand of the private sector enterprises. So foreign liabilities of enterprises had increased and the dependence of the enterprises on the international financial markets had strengthened. In that way impacts of the global financial crisis affected Russia harder. Although external conditions for the Russian economy improved in the last months due to the rise of world oil prices and global demand for commodities, domestic demand still suffers from small revenues and bad financing conditions for enterprises. Because of its structural weakness it will take Russia longer than other transformation countries to overcome the crisis. Economic growth in the near future will expand much smaller than on last years’ average.
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