Interbank Exposures: An Empirical Examination of Contagion Risk in the Belgian Banking System
Hans Degryse, Grégory Nguyen
International Journal of Central Banking,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the proper functioning of modern financial systems. However, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. We investigate the evolution and determinants of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993–2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks, large bilateral interbank exposures, and cross-border interbank exposures. The "structure" of the interbank market affects contagion risk. We find that a change from a complete structure (where all banks have symmetric links) toward a "multiplemoney-center" structure (where money centers are symmetrically linked to otherwise disconnected banks) has decreased the risk and impact of contagion. In addition, an increase in the relative importance of cross-border interbank exposures has lowered local contagion risk. However, this reduction may have been compensated by an increase in contagion risk stemming from foreign banks.
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Lower Firm-Specific Productivity Levels in East Germany and East European Industrial Branches: The Role of Managerial Factors
Johannes Stephan
Germany Economic Performance: From Unification to Euroisation. Macmillan: Basingstoke,
2007
Abstract
This research assesses the firm-specific reasons for lower productivity levels between West and East German firms. The study is based on a unique data-base generated by field work in the four particularly important industrial sectors of machinery, furniture, cosmetics, and electrotechnics manufacturers and for the two East and West German regions, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. Our results suggest that apparently management in industrial firms in the East still lack the kind of market-orientation that proves to be at the centre of competitiveness in a market and price-governed system of the modern western-style economy.
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Universities and Innovation in Space
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Industry and Innovation,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
We investigate the role of universities as a knowledge source for regional innovation processes. The contribution of universities is tested on the level of German NUTS‐3 regions (Kreise) by using a variety of indicators. We find that the intensity and quality of the research conducted by the universities have a significant effect on regional innovative output while pure size is unimportant. Therefore, a policy that wants to promote regional innovation processes by building up universities should place substantial emphasis on the intensity and quality of the research conducted there. We also find the effects of universities to be concentrated in space. Obviously, the geographical proximity to particular knowledge sources is important for regional innovative activities.
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FDI versus exports: Evidence from German banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
We use a new bank-level dataset to study the FDI-versus-exports decision for German banks. We extend the literature on multinational firms in two directions. First, we simultaneously study FDI and the export of cross-border financial services. Second, we test recent theories on multinational firms which show the importance of firm heterogeneity [Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., Yeaple, S.R., 2004. Export versus FDI. American Economic Review 94 (1), 300–316]. Our results show that FDI and cross-border services are complements rather than substitutes. Heterogeneity of banks has a significant impact on the internationalization decision. More profitable and larger banks are more likely to expand internationally than smaller banks. They have more extensive foreign activities, and they are more likely to engage in FDI in addition to cross-border financial services.
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Analysis of location of large-area shopping centres - A probalistic gravity model for the Halle-Leipzig area
Alexander Kubis, Maria Hartmann
Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft,
No. 1,
2007
Abstract
A profund analysis of large-area shopping centres from the perspective of retail, but also of communes is of importance for the choice of site selection. In central Germany, the Halle–Leipzig area represents an example of strong competitiveness between the different participants in retail. The analysis described in this article is based on the MCI Model of Nakanishi and Cooper, which is used to investigate the regional influences of nine large shopping centres in the area of interest. The analysis demonstrates, that the studied shopping centres intensely affect the structure of retail in the region and exert a strong influence on the structural weakness of the surrounding cities due to their relative success in comparison to other retail locations city centres. An important volume of the turnover of the administrative districts flows to the analysed shopping centres. On the other hand, the article describes the influence of a systematic location decision on the reachable turnover potential of the modelized large-area shopping centres among each other. The shopping centres Saale Park (today Nova Eventis) near Leipzig and the Paunsdorf Center in Leipzig show the biggest influence on the competing centres.
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Deutsche Wirtschaft 2007: Aufschwung mit Januskopf – das andere Gesicht
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2007
Abstract
Die Stärke des Aufschwungs der deutschen Wirtschaft hat die anfänglichen Erwartungen deutlich übertroffen. Das gilt für den Export, in besonderem Maße allerdings für die Investitionen der Unternehmen. Die von der Wirtschaftspolitik ausgelösten Sonderentwicklungen haben vor allem der Industrie sowie nach sechs Jahren Rückgang erstmalig der Bauwirtschaft kräftige Nachfrageimpulse gegeben. Auch die Konsumenten wurden zu zusätzlichen Anschaffungen angeregt. Allerdings fand die politikinduzierte Konsumnachfrage der privaten Haushalte, Achillesferse der Konjunktur seit Jahren, wenig Rückhalt in den laufenden Erwerbseinkommen. So wurde weniger als zuvor gespart. An der Schnittstelle zwischen Beschäftigung und Einkommen liegt bisher der Schwachpunkt des Aufschwungs. Der sichtliche Beschäftigungszuwachs nach der bereits 2005 vollzogenen Wende am Arbeitsmarkt äußert sich bislang wenig in einer höheren Lohn- und Gehaltssumme. Das liegt zum Teil daran, daß für die Aufstockung der Beschäftigung, auch der sozialversicherungspflichtigen, nicht ausschließlich konjunkturelle Gründe und die Lohnzurückhaltung verantwortlich sind, sondern zu einem nicht geringen Teil Maßnahmen der Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Der export- und investitionsgetragene Aufschwung der deutschen Wirtschaft wird sich im Jahr 2007 fortsetzen, wenngleich das Wachstumstempo – zumindest vorübergehend – deutlich nachlassen wird. Die Konsumzurückhaltung, die in den ersten Monaten des Jahres aus dem Kaufkraftentzug durch die restriktive Finanzpolitik folgen wird, dürfte den Anstieg von Produktion und Beschäftigung bremsen. Hinzu kommt die Nachfragelücke, die von den in das Jahr 2006 vorgezogenen Käufen aufgerissen wird. So ist mit einem Rückgang der Konsumausgaben der privaten Haushalte zu rechnen. Er dürfte kurzfristig auch auf die Inlandsnachfrage insgesamt durchschlagen, da ein Ausgleich durch die weiterhin kräftige Investitionskonjunktur schon aufgrund des geringen Gewichts der Unternehmensinvestitionen in der Inlandsnachfrage unwahrscheinlich ist. So hängt der weitere Verlauf der Konjunktur nicht unerheblich von der Weltwirtschaft ab. Das hohe Expansionstempo der Weltwirtschaft aus dem Jahr 2006 kann im Jahr 2007 nicht ganzgehalten werden. Besonders der Abschwung in den USA wirkt dämpfend. Konjunkturrisiken und die Erwartung von Leitzinssenkungen haben zudem jüngst den Dollar abwerten lassen. Die damit einhergehende Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von US-Produkten hilft zwar, das weitere Anwachsen des enormen Leistungsbilanzdefizits des Landes zu begrenzen. Damit erhöht sich das auf mittlere Sicht größte Risiko für die Weltwirtschaft nicht weiter. Kurzfristig fehlen jedoch die von der USWirtschaft ausgehenden Nachfrageimpulse. Im Euroraum und in Japan wird sich der Aufschwung fortsetzen, wenn auch deutlich verlangsamt. So schwenkt die bislang sehr kräftige weltwirtschaftliche Expansion auf einen Pfad ein, der bei weltweit recht gut ausgeschöpften Produktionskapazitäten nahe am langfristigen Trend liegt. Die deutsche Wirtschaft wird daher weniger Impulse aus dem Ausland erhalten, und der Exportanstieg dürfte sich verlangsamen. Weil zugleich die Importe noch langsamer zunehmen werden, wird die Außenwirtschaft die gesamtwirtschaftliche Aktivität kräftig befördern. Alles in allem wird das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in Deutschland im Jahr 2007 um 1,4% steigen. Dabei trägt der Schwung der Konjunktur aus dem Vorjahr bis in das neue Jahr hinein. Reichlich ein Prozentpunkt des Zuwachses wird aus dem bis zuletzt kräftigen Anstieg im Jahr 2006 „mitgenommen“.
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Threshold for employment and unemployment. A spatial analysis of German RLM's 1992-2000
Christian Dreger, Reinhold Kosfeld
External Publications,
2006
Abstract
Changes in production and employment are closely related over the course of the business cycle. However, as exemplified by the laws of Verdoorn (1949, 1993) and Okun (1962, 1970), thresholds seem to be present in the relationship. Due to capacity reserves of the firms, output growth must exceed certain levels for the creation of new jobs or a fall in the unemployment rate. While Verdoorn's law focuses on the growth rate of output sufficient for an increase in employment, in Okun's law, the fall in the unemployment rate becomes the focus of attention. In order to assess the future development of employment and unemployment, these thresholds have to be taken into account. They serve as important guidelines for policymakers. In contrast to previous studies, we present joint estimates for both the employment and unemployment threshold. Due to demographic patterns and institutional settings on the labour market, the two thresholds can differ, implying that minimum output growth needed for a rise in employment may not be sufficient for a simultaneous drop in the unemployment rate. Second, regional information is considered to a large extent. In particular, the analysis is carried out using a sample of 180 German regional labour markets, see Eckey (2001). Since the cross-sections are separated by the flows of job commuters, they correspond to travel-to-work areas. Labour mobility is high within a market, but low among the entities. As the sectoral decomposition of economic activities varies across the regions, the thresholds are founded on a heterogeneous experience, leading to more reliable estimates.The contribution to the literature is twofold. First, to the best of our knowledge, no previous paper has investigated a similar broad regional dataset for the German economy as a whole before. By using a panel dataset, information on the regional distributions around the regression lines as well as theirs positional changes is provided for each year. Second, the methods applied are of new type. They involve a mixture of pooled and spatial econometric techniques. Dependencies across the regions may result from common or idiosyncratic (region specific) shocks. In particular, the eigenfunction decomposition approach suggested by Griffith (1996, 2000) is used to identify spatial and non-spatial components in regression analysis. As the spatial pattern may vary over time, inference is conducted on the base of a spatial SUR model. Due to this setting, efficient estimates of the thresholds are obtained. With the aid of a geographic information system (GIS) variation of the spatial components can be made transparent. With Verdoorn’s and Okun’s law the figures show some significant patterns become obvious over time. In respect to Verdoorn’s law, for instance, a stripe of high values in the north-western part from Schleswig-Holstein via Lower Saxony and North Rhine Westfalia to Rhineland Palatinate is striking in all years but 1994 and 1995. In most periods the spatial component is likewise concentrated in Saxony. Clusters of low values can be found in northern Bavaria and, in some periods, in Thüringen and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Other parts of Germany appear to be more fragmented consisting of relative small clusters of low, medium and high values of the spatial component. With Okun’s law some changing spatial patterns arise. In all, spatially filtering provides valuable insights into the spatial dimensions of the laws of Verdoorn and Okun.
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Local Public Utilities' Profits and Municipal Expenses in Germany: An Empirical Analysis
Peter Haug, Birger Nerré
Proceedings of the 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18), Washington DC,
2006
Abstract
German municipalities are currently struggling with growing budget deficits and other financial hardships. From a public choice point of view it seems tempting for vote-maximizing local governments to raise revenues from sources which create fiscal illusion or allow tax exports. An increasingly important revenue source of this kind are profits of local public utilities. In this paper we try to fill an empirical gap and provide data of the development of the profitability over time for selected German local public utilities. Furthermore, we develop and estimate a municipal expenditure function for a panel data set of large German cities . We found some slightly positive relationship between per capita expenses of the municipality and the disposable per capita profits of the local public utilities. This indicates that probably the German municipalities – according to our theoretical considerations – tend to burden their citizens as well as non-voters outside their boundaries with implicit taxes to satisfy their increasing financial needs.
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Development aid and economic freedom: Are there interrelations?
Tobias Knedlik, Franz Kronthaler
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
Development aid attracts currently high public attention, e.g. because of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Thereby so-called weak factors gain importance in the debate of development policy. In this regard the establishing of enabling conditions, which allow and support economic activities is central. Economic freedom is an important concept in the discussion. The academic literature clearly suggests a positive relation between economic freedom and economic development. This is the motivation to analyze the impact of development aid on economic freedom.
This contribution analysis this impact of two forms of development aid (conditional and overall aid). In contrast to expectations the results show a positive impact of overall aid and a negative impact of conditional aid on economic freedom. Economic policy should consider the positive effect of overall aid and adjust aid conditions according to domestic requirements in recipient countries to avoid negative effects on economic freedom.
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University policy confronted with important decisions: Growth opportunities of East German university towns must not be constricted. A comment.
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
Städte, die in ihrer Stadtentwicklungspolitik auf den Faktor Wissen setzen, haben gute Argumente: Mit dem flächendeckenden Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen verbleibt für Städte der Einwohnerzuwachs durch Wanderungen als einzige demographische Wachstumschance. Gerade in ostdeutschen Städten kommt so – mangels wirtschaftlicher Dynamik des privaten Sektors – den Ausbildungseinrichtungen und insbesondere den Hochschulen die Rolle eines wichtigen Anziehungsfaktors zu. Und Hochschulstädte ziehen in der Regel Gruppen junger Menschen an. Während 1990 z. B. in Sachsen-Anhalt 10 000 Studenten eingeschrieben waren, ist mit dem erfolgten Hochschulausbau die Studentenzahl inzwischen auf über 50 000 gestiegen. Neben dem Einwohnerwachstum, das auch für die Finanzzuweisungen vom Land wichtig ist, steigen mit dem Ausbau von Hochschulen und Forschungsinstituten auch die Chancen für Kooperationen zwischen Wissenschaft und Unternehmen. Die Beschäftigung hochqualifizierter Absolventen und Ausgründungen stärken die lokalen Wachstumskräfte.
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