Germany: Cyclical Improvement not Until the End of the Year
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2001
Abstract
During the second quarter of 2001 German overall production stagnated. Weak global development muddied the economic prospects of firms and prevented them from rising their output and their investment activities. In 2001 gross national product will only increase by 1%; the number of unemployed will be higher than expected. Nevertheless, we advise against an increase in public expenditure that aims at stimulating the economy. Anyhow, growing public deficits, caused by cyclical movements, should be accepted. In order to increase employment labour market reforms become more urgent.
In East Germany, currently even a decline in gross national product cannot be excluded. After the first period of restructuring, which has been accompanied by structural problems, cyclical movements become more important. In addition, economic stagnation burdens labour markets. Nonetheless trying to stimulate the East German economy by government spending programmes does not seem to be a viable strategy. From the cyclical point of view they are not very efficient and concerning structural problems they are no solution.
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Measures to improve the employment prospect of welfare recipients – the view of the participients
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2001
Abstract
The results of measures to improve the employment prospects of welfare recipients are rather discouraging with respect to their core intention; many participants transit after the measure again into unemployment. Still (nevertheless) the majority of former participants surveyed by the IWH report a subjective evaluation, because the measure helped them to readjust to the daily routine of work. For many participants the ending of isolation and their regain of (improvement) of their selfesteem and self-confidence was important.
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Korean unification and banking system - An analysis in view of German experiences and Korean differences
Ralf Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 139,
2001
Abstract
One of the reforms that have to be launched in a future unification process in Korea, which seems possible after the political negotiations last year, is the transformation of the North Korean banking system. The question arises whether Korea could profit from the German experience where banking transformation was one of the rather few success stories in unification. In 1990 the East German banking transformation was achieved relatively fast and uncomplicated due to considerable direct investments of the West German banks compounded with state guarantees for bad loans resulting from the credit business with existing GDR-corporations. Unfortunately, South Korea currently lacks some major prerequesites that contributed to the German banking unification, among them – and probably the most important one – is the lack of a sound and efficient banking
system that could become active in the North. Consequently, depending on the circumstances of a future Korean unification either a more gradual process is recommended or, if inner-Korean migration requires a more dynamic transition, considerable investment by foreign banks and assistance from international organisations is recommended.
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The economic situation in Belarus – Obsolescence of capital stock blocks growth (Eighteenth Report)
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 5,
2001
Abstract
Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt und die reale Industrieproduktion nahmen im vergangenen Jahr um 6% bzw. 8% zu. Auch blieb die offiziell registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit weiterhin auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau von etwa 2% der Erwerbspersonen. Die Republik Belarus gehört aber damit nur auf den ersten Blick zu den wirtschaftlich erfolgreichen Ländern Mittel- und Osteuropas. Diese "Erfolge" wurden nämlich zu einem hohen Preis erkauft: Die Inflationsrate blieb auf einem dreistelligen Niveau (169%). Die Anlageinvestitionen nahmen ab, sodass sich der Zustand des Kapitalstocks weiter verschlechterte. Faktisch besteht der Kapitalstock zur Hälfte aus Anlagen, die vollständig abgeschrieben wurden. Die Wirtschaftspolitik der Regierung setzte vor allem auf die Förderung des privaten Konsums und die Sicherung einer möglichst hohen Beschäftigung, auch durch Aufrechterhaltung unrentabler Produktionen. Ein Strukturwandel fand nicht statt. Die Privatisierung wurde faktisch abgebrochen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die ständige Steigerung der Reallöhne (12% im vergangenen Jahr) und des privaten Konsums bei rückläufigen Investitionen einen Substanzverzehr nach sich zieht: Der Kapitalstock wurde in konsumierbares Einkommen umgewandelt. Abgesichert wurde diese falsche Politik durch eine übermäßige Ausweitung der Geldmenge, in deren Ergebnis der Monetisierungsgrad der belarussischen Wirtschaft im vergangenen Jahr auf ein Niveau von 5% fiel, welches das geringe Vertrauen in die Währung reflektiert. Das Defizit in der Leistungsbilanz verringerte sich zwar etwas im vergangenen Jahr. Die Steigerung der realen Exporte bei gleichzeitiger Senkung der realen Importe wurde aber durch die drastische Verschlechterung der Terms of Trade, insbesondere im Handel mit Russland (- 20%), weitgehend kompensiert. Die ökonomisch zweifelhafte Konzentration der Exporte auf Russland wurde via Gegengeschäfte, insbesondere Barter, durchgesetzt, in dessen Folge belarussische Exporteure erhebliche Preisabschläge hinnehmen mussten. Auf diese Weise wurde ein Teil des zusätzlichen Volkseinkommens nach Russland transferiert. Positiv ist lediglich zu verbuchen, dass im September des vergangenen Jahres ein einheitlicher Wechselkurs eingeführt wurde. Problematisch am neuen Wechselkurssystem ist allerdings die Einführung eines gleitenden Bandes, wobei die zentrale Parität an den Rubel gebunden wurde. Diese in Vorausnahme der beabsichtigten Währungsunion eingeführte Bindung erhöht die Gefahr einer realen Aufwertung gegenüber dem US-Dollar und dem Euro. Darüber hinaus stellt ein gleitendes Band einen nur schwachen Versuch dar, das fehlende Vertrauen in die Landeswährung wieder herzustellen. Das Wachstum des BIP wird im laufenden Jahr 2001 wahrscheinlich 4% betragen (der Industrie 5%). Die anstehenden Präsidentschaftswahlen in diesem Jahr lassen eine erhebliche Expansion der Reallöhne und der Geldmenge erwarten. Entsprechend dem Muster der vergangenen Jahre würde dies mit einer weiteren Abschwächung der Investitionen und damit einem weiteren Substanzverlust in der Wirtschaft einhergehen. Die Inflationsrate wird trotz erheblicher Ausweitung der Geldmenge mit 150% in etwa auf dem Niveau des Jahres 2000 verbleiben; eine niedrigere Rate wird auch mit neuen administrativen Preiskontrollen kaum zu erreichen sein
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The East-West entrepreneurial gap – a crucial economic problem in East Germany?
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2001
Abstract
The ratio of business units per inhabitant is one of the most important factors that determine the development of economies and regions, because it has a strong impact on competition, employment and innovation. In East Germany, where the process of catching up has decelerated since the mid-nineties, the findings on this topic are ambivalent: on the one hand, half a million self-employed persons are counted and a similar number of companies are registered by the regional Chambers of Industry and Commerce. Furthermore, about 157.000 companies engaged in handicraft exist. These figures can be regarded as a success compared to the beginning of the nineties at the outset of systemic transformation. On the other hand, a striking entrepreneurial gap in East Germany still exists compared to the situation in the western part. It seems that this gap will not be closed in the near future, even on the contrary: the number of newly registered business units in East Germany has declined. Against this background, the promotion of entrepreneurship will remain a great challenge on the political agenda.
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Productivity gap of East German industry: A summarizing evaluation
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2001
Abstract
Ten years after German unification labor productivity in the New Laender reaches only 70 per cent of West German levels. Further, in the second half of the 1990ies, convergence did not continue. Because productivity can be regarded as a key for wages, for competitiveness of firms and for future transfer payments, the reasons for low productivity in East Germany are of major importance. In this article, it is argued that the existing productivity gap reflects mainly structural differences between East and West Germany, that is the high share of small firms and the predominance of sectors with low value added per worker. Additionally, difficulties on product markets leading to insufficient selling prices are responsible for the comparative low productivity of East German firms. Differences in capital intensity or in human capital, however, do explain only a small part of the productivity gap.
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Low-paid employment relationships: high numbers, low volume
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2001
Abstract
The labour market situation can be judged using figures of persons engaged and/or of the total number of man-hours worked. Concerning marginal part-time jobs the number of person engaged ist less informative: Although in 2000 more than ten per cent of persons had a marginal part-time job, the total number of man-hours worked representing the marginal part-time jobs amounts to 2,6 % of the volume of work in the economy on the whole. Nevertheless in some branches of economic activity marginal part-time jobs are of great importance.
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A glimpse on sectoral convergence of productivity levels
Gerald Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 133,
2001
Abstract
This paper examines the presence of sectoral convergence of labor productivity between 14 OECD countries. Using the OECD International Sectoral Data Base (ISDB), the paper looks at the developments within 12 distinct sectors during the period 1970-1995. The change of the coefficients of variance suggests that there is strong sectoral convergence within most service sectors while the evidence of convergence for Manufacturing as well as for Communication is rather weak. These findings are in line with most studies undertaken on this subject so far. It is concluded that economic theories at hand to explain growth and convergence (or divergence respectively) are of different importance for the sectors concerned. While models of the New Growth Theory seemed to be useful to explain growth mechanisms within Manufacturing and Communication, traditional models seemed to apply to most other sectors.
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Economic Development in Saxony-Anhalt: empirical results and policy recommendations
Franz Barjak, Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
Though the basic economic problems are still of the same kind all over East Germany, partially considerable regional differences exist in respect to the conditions for further economic development. Therefore, detailed empirical analyses for the individual Länder and their sub-regions are necessary making economic policy recommendations. The following contribution deals with this task taking Saxony-Anhalt as an example.
A multitude of indicators is used to bring out the specific strengths and weaknesses of the economy of this state (Land) and its sub-regions. The outstanding strength of Saxony-Anhalt are the high private investment outlays which served to build a modern capital stock during the past ten years. Another fundamental strength of the Land are the universities and public research institutions. Besides these unambiguous strengths some ‘ambivalent’ growth factors exist which are characterized by strengths as well as by weaknesses. Such ‘ambivalent’ growth factors are the infrastructure and the situation of important sectors and branches of economic activity. The weaknesses of Saxony-Anhalt’s economic structure find expression especially in its low supply with human capital and entrepreneurial initiative as well as in the few research and development efforts of its firms.
The aforementioned strengths of the Land are reflected insufficiently in its economic output. Consequently some economic policy measures are proposed to bring about an improvement: Amongst other things Saxony-Anhalt should develop a clear idea of its economic development (Leitbild). Such a Leitbild could be related to the Land’s strengths or to the elimination of its major weaknesses. This also would facilitate a concentrated use of the different economic policy instruments. The latter shouldn’t only be concentrated on singular economic growth factors but also spatially, on the economically stronger sub-regions, as this can lead to larger growth effects for the entire Land. The good provision with public research institutions in Saxony-Anhalt should be used to bring about an improvement of the economic structure to a larger extent than until now. This could be done for example by means of a further strengthening of applied research vs. basic research, possibly via orienting the public research more towards the existing branches of economic activity. Finally, the Land should intensify its efforts to increase the entrepreneurial initiative in Saxony-Anhalt, e. g. by means of introducing courses in economics in its schools.
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Effects of the new vote weighting system at EU Council of Ministers on structural fond resources for new members
Martina Kämpfe, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2001
Abstract
At the recent Nice summit, the EU council of ministers decided on institutional adjustments for the European Union. Such reforms are of particular importance for an enlarged European Union in which up to 27 new members could participate. Amongst the reforms, two decisive changes concern the distribution of votes in an enlarged council and additional conditions which will be attached to majority decisions.
This redistribution of power within the council will effect in particular economic issues, as e.g. the size and distribution of structural funds budgets to be expected upon admittance as EU-member states. Such effects can be estimated by use of models of probability of coalition-building. The model used here predicts that the budget for structural funds for the ten accession countries will be lower than would have been under the old voting power regime. This highlights that the accession group in Central East Europe lost relative voting power via coalitions in comparison to the voting regime prior to Nice. Solely Poland enjoyed an increase in voting power which also suggests an increase in budgets Poland can now expect to receive in the framework of EU structural funds policy.
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