Die horizontale und vertikale Dimension industrieller Cluster – methodische Aspekte am Beispiel Dresdens
Mirko Titze, Matthias Brachert, Alexander Kubis
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Das Konzept industrieller Cluster verzeichnet stetige Attraktivitätsgewinne bei Akteuren regionaler Wirtschaftsförderung. Folgt man der Überlegung, dass das Clusterkonzept einen Ansatzpunkt zur Förderung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Regionen bildet, so ist es in einem ersten Schritt notwendig, industrielle Cluster umfassend zu identifizieren. Bisherige Untersuchungen bedienen sich dazu einer methodischen Vielfalt. Sie reicht von spezifischen regionalen Fallstudien über Cluster-Mapping und Input-Output-Methoden bis hin zu verschiedenen Konzentrationsmaßen. Der folgende Beitrag orientiert sich an einer mehrdimensionalen Clusterdefinition und versucht, die verschiedenen methodischen Ansätze zusammenzuführen. Durch die Kombination der Verwendung von Konzentrationsmaßen, Input-Output-Methoden sowie regionalen Matrizen innovativer Wissensflüsse wird ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz zur Identifikation horizontaler und vertikaler industrieller Cluster vorgestellt. Dieser ermöglicht es, regionsspezifische und regionsübergreifende Clusterstrukturen zu identifizieren. Am Beispiel des Großraums Dresden zeigt sich, dass sich die wirtschaftliche Aktivität mehrheitlich auf die kreisfreie Stadt Dresden konzentriert. Übersehen wird jedoch oftmals die Bedeutung des Umlandes für die Wissensgenerierung in Kernstädten. Mit Hilfe einer regionalen Matrix innovativer Wissensflüsse lassen sich positive Effekte der Wissensgenerierung durch die Kragenkreise Dresdens darstellen. Diese Strukturen gilt es in einer umfassenden Identifikation industrieller Cluster zu beachten, damit alle Akteure der Wissensgenerierung in die Clusteridentifikation einbezogen werden.
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22.07.2009 • 43/2009
Beispiel Großraum Dresden zeigt: Industrielle Cluster nicht nur auf Kernstadt begrenzt
Das Konzept industrieller Cluster verzeichnet stetige Attraktivitätsgewinne bei Akteuren regionaler Wirtschaftsförderung. Folgt man der Überlegung, dass das Clusterkonzept einen Ansatzpunkt zur Förderung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Regionen bildet, so ist es in einem ersten Schritt notwendig, industrielle Cluster umfassend zu identifizieren. Bisherige Untersuchungen bedienen sich dazu einer methodischen Vielfalt. Sie reicht von spezifischen regionalen Fallstudien über Cluster-Mapping und Input-Output-Methoden bis hin zu verschiedenen Konzentrationsmaßen. Der folgende Beitrag orientiert sich an einer mehrdimensionalen Clusterdefinition und versucht, die verschiedenen methodischen Ansätze zusammenzuführen. Durch die Kombination der Verwendung von Konzentrationsmaßen, Input-Output-Methoden sowie regionalen Matrizen innovativer Wissensflüsse wird ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz zur Identifikation horizontaler und vertikaler industrieller Cluster vorgestellt. Dieser ermöglicht es, regionsspezifische und regionsübergreifende Clusterstrukturen zu identifizieren. Am Beispiel des Großraums Dresden zeigt sich, dass sich die wirtschaftliche Aktivität mehrheitlich auf die kreisfreie Stadt Dresden konzentriert. Übersehen wird jedoch oftmals die Bedeutung des Umlandes für die Wissensgenerierung in Kernstädten. Mit Hilfe einer regionalen Matrix innovativer Wissensflüsse lassen sich positive Effekte der Wissensgenerierung durch die Kragenkreise Dresdens darstellen. Diese Strukturen gilt es in einer umfassenden Identifikation industrieller Cluster zu beachten, damit alle Akteure der Wissensgenerierung in die Clusteridentifikation einbezogen werden.
Industry Concentration and Regional Innovative Performance – Empirical Evidence for Eastern Germany
Christoph Hornych, Michael Schwartz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2009
Abstract
Regarding technological innovativeness, the transformed economy of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) clearly lags behind the Western part of the country. To face this weakness, a broad mixture of policy measures was carried out in recent years. Particular attention is drawn to the development of industry concentrations and economic ‘clusters’. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy measures regarding how industry concentrations in fact promote innovative performance in Eastern Germany. The present study tries to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between industry concentration in Eastern Germany and regional innovative performance. Our empirical analysis is based upon the number of patent applications of 22 manufacturing industries in 22 Eastern German planning regions. The estimated regression models indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of industry concentration and innovative performance. An exceedingly high degree of industry concentration in one region hampers regional innovative output. We discuss policy implications of our findings and give recommendations for future refinement of ‘cluster’-supporting policy schemes in Eastern Germany.
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Yes to Investments by Public Authorities for the Future! But Business Cycle will no Longer be Saved by it!
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
In order to mitigate the effects of the deep economic recession, the German federal government has adopted two economic stimulus packages to be applied in the period from 2009 to 2010. According to our estimations, these programs include investments amounting to 25.3 billion Euros mainly in infrastructure and education. We investigate the total effects of these investments on production and employment using a static input-output model. We find that the gross domestic product will increase by at most one percentage point, namely 0.4 points in 2009 and 0.7 points in 2010. This implies that approximately 400 000 jobs will be safeguarded. About one quarter of the effects will concern construction and business services respectively. For several reasons, our calculations constitute the upper bound to the expected effects. The increasing demand in construction could lead to significantly increasing prices. In light of the expected decline in production, the economic effects of the programs may appear to be low. Obviously, the strong decrease in external demand and its impact on the economy cannot be effectively combated by instruments of national economic policies.
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The Identification of Regional Industrial Clusters Using Qualitative Input-Output Analysis
Mirko Titze, Matthias Brachert, Alexander Kubis
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2008
Abstract
The ‘cluster theory’ has become one of the main concepts promoting regional competitiveness, innovation, and growth. As most studies focus on measures of concentration of one industrial branch in order to identify regional clusters, the appropriate analysis of specific vertical relations within a value-adding chain is developing in this discussion. This paper tries to identify interrelated sectors via national input-output tables with the help of Minimal Flow Analysis by Schnabl (1994). The regionalization of these national industry templates is carried out with the allocation of branch-specific production values on regional employment. As a result, the paper shows concentrations of vertical clusters in only 27 of 439 German NUTS-3 regions.
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Economic Effects of the Halle Institute for Economic Research
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2008
Abstract
The most important approach to assess the scholarly performance of an institute is to evaluate its academic output. Economic research institutes such as the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) furthermore are targeted at providing policy advice to public authorities. This adds an additional criterion, the ability to impact policy discussions in Germany and beyond.
A rarely discussed issue is the effect of an institute on the local economy. The IWH is located in a region of East Germany that is still catching up economically. Transformation problems are still very visible. In such an economic environment, the expenditures of an institute play an important role in stabilizing local demand. The analysis shows, by using input-output-methods, that the most important factor for the local economy is the demand stemming from wages earned by the employees of the institute. Especially the local area, where most of the staff lives, heavily benefits from this effect. Expenditures of about 4.6 million Euros which include the salaries of the staff of about 70 persons generates sufficient demand in the area to guarantee employment for another 35 persons. In addition, as crowding out of activities by additional demand is presently not an issue in East Germany, the taxes generated account for a considerable part of the budget.
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How Does Industry Specialization Affect the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2008-058,
No. 58,
2008
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the specialization of a region in certain industries and the efficiency of the region in generating new knowledge. The efficiency measure is constructed by relating regional R&D input and output. An inversely u-shaped relationship is found between regional specialization and R&D efficiency, indicating the presence of externalities of both Marshall and Jacobs’ type. Further factors influencing efficiency are spillovers within the private sector as well as from public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors is, however, different for regions at different efficiency levels.
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Capital Stock Approximation using Firm Level Panel Data: A Modified Perpetual Inventory Approach
Steffen Müller
Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik,
No. 4,
2008
Abstract
Many recent studies exploring conditional factor demand or factor substitution issues use firm level panel data. A considerable number of establishment panels contains no direct information on the capital input, necessary for production or cost function estimation. Incorrect measurement of capital leads to biased estimates and casts doubt on any inference on output elasticities or input substitution properties. The perpetual inventory approach, commonly used for long panels, is a method that attenuates these problems. In this paper a modified perpetual inventory approach is proposed. This method provides more reliable measures for capital input when short firm panels are used and no direct information on capital input is available. The empirical results based on a replication study of Addison et al. (2006) support the conclusion that modified perpetual inventory is superior to previous attempts in particular when fixed effects estimation techniques are used. The method thus makes a considerable number of recently established firm panels accessible to more sophisticated production function or factor demand analyses.
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Has the International Fragmentation of German Exports Passed its Peak?
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Intereconomics,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
In the second half of the nineties the import content of German exports increased considerably. The article examines whether this trend has continued up to the present. A second question concerns the purpose of the imports. Are they intermediate inputs for the production of export goods or imports destined for immediate re-exports? Finally, it must be asked whether these events are singular: Is only Germany among the industrially developed West European countries affected by this development, or are other nations also? These issues are studied by means of tables and the standard static open model of input-output-analysis.
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The Stability of Bank Efficiency Rankings when Risk Preferences and Objectives are Different
Michael Koetter
The European Journal of Finance,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
We analyze the stability of efficiency rankings of German universal banks between 1993 and 2004. First, we estimate traditional efficiency scores with stochastic cost and alternative profit frontier analysis. Then, we explicitly allow for different risk preferences and measure efficiency with a structural model based on utility maximization. Using the almost ideal demand system, we estimate input- and profit-demand functions to obtain proxies for expected return and risk. Efficiency is then measured in this risk-return space. Mean risk-return efficiency is somewhat higher than cost and considerably higher than profit efficiency (PE). More importantly, rank–order correlation between these measures are low or even negative. This suggests that best-practice institutes should not be identified on the basis of traditional efficiency measures alone. Apparently, low cost and/or PE may merely result from alternative yet efficiently chosen risk-return trade-offs.
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