Getting out of the Ivory Tower - New Perspectives on the Entrepreneurial University
Jutta Günther, Kerstin Wagner
Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2/2007,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Based on theoretical considerations about the “third mission” of universities and the discussion of the nature of different university-industry relations, we conclude that the entrepreneurial university is a manifold institution with direct ways to transfer technology from academia to industry as well as indirect connections to industry via entrepreneurship education and training. While existing literature usually deals with one or another linking mechanism separately, our central hypothesises is that direct and indirect mechanisms should be interrelated and mutually complementary. We emphasize the importance of a more holistic view and empirically investigate the scope and interrelatedness of entrepreneurship education and direct technology transfer mechanisms at German universities. We find a variety of activities in both fields and evidence for an identification of HEI with the mission of knowledge commercialisation. Furthermore, it shows that the HEIs’ technology transfer facilities and the entrepreneurship education providers co-operate in support of the creation of spin-offs and innovative start-ups.
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The German Upswing Takes a Break
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2007
Abstract
The world economy continues to expand healthily, but risks have increased during summer. The crisis of the housing sector in the US has deepened: A revaluation of mortgage backed assets has triggered turbulences on global financial markets. The institutes expect that financial markets will calm down during the coming months, but that the downswing in the US will slow the pace of the world economy. The economy in the euro area will, in addition, be dampened by the appreciation of the euro. The German economy is, in spite of a restrictive fiscal policy, in a robust upswing. Because wage setting and inflation continues to be moderate, there will be no need for a restrictive monetary policy. Thus the German economy will, due to slower demand from the US and higher costs of financing, lose momentum, but chances are good that the upswing will only take a break. In the coming year private consumption is expected to be the main contributor to growth, because wage incomes will expand strongly. Unemployment will continue to shrink, albeit at a smaller rate than during 2007. Fiscal policy will no longer be restrictive. Economic policy has improved the conditions for growth in Germany; there is, however, still much to do. Public finances have to be consolidated further, but at the same time, public investment has to be strengthened. This can be achieved if public consumptive expenditure growth is limited. The institutes suggest to increase public expenditure by 2% per annum over the cycle in nominal terms; this is, by less than by the trend growth rate of nominal GDP.
The institutes advise against a reversal of the recent labour market reforms. Instead, incentives for taking up jobs should be increased further.
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Ten years of entrepreneurship education in Germany: a positive interim result
Jutta Günther, Kerstin Wagner, Ilka Ritter
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Innovative business start-ups are an essential component and an expression of dynamic economic development. Nevertheless, start-ups do not emerge in a vacuum but require an appropriate institutional framework. Therefore, the topic of entrepreneurial education attracts gradually more interest of German universities since the 1990s. In 1997, the first professorship for this subject was announced and the number of respective chairs is rising ever since. The present article draws a balance by asking: To what extend and with which contents entrepreneurship education is currently offered at colleges and universities? What are the contents of teaching and what teaching manuals are dominant? To what extend are universities endowed with an infrastructure for commercializing knowledge complementary to their education? Are professorships and technology transfer centers of universities cooperatively aligned? These and further questions about the entrepreneurial education as part of academic technology transfer will be addressed in this article. Overall, a positive development regarding the range of teaching as well as the embedding in the overarching theme of technology transfer is recognizable. However, further efforts appear to be required, so that the in principle positive assessments can only form a first interim balance on the way towards “More enterprise start-ups out of university”.
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Universities, Innovation, Region: Knowledge Transfer in a Spatial Context
Tobias Henning, Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev, N. Steigenberger, Tobias Henning
Forschung aus der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Bd. 82,
2007
Abstract
Innovationen sind der Motor regionaler Entwicklung. Hochschulen werden zunehmend als wichtige Akteure in regionalen Innovationsprozessen angesehen. Dieses Buch untersucht die Bedeutung von Hochschulen für Innovationsaktivitäten und für eine regional orientierte Innovationspolitik am Beispiel von vier ostdeutschen Regionen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, wie das Wissen der Hochschulen in die private Wirtschaft gelangt. Dabei kommt im Rahmen verschiedener empirischer Erhebungen dem Wissenstransfer in Form der direkten Zusammenarbeit zwischen Hochschulen und privaten Unternehmen zentrale Bedeutung zu. Die Autoren untersuchen die Motive für und die spezifischen Probleme von solchen Kooperationen sowie die Frage, inwieweit hiermit positive Wirkungen für das regionale Umfeld der Hochschulen verbunden sind. Weitere Schwerpunkte der Analyse liegen bei der Bedeutung von Hochschulpatenten für den Innovationstransfer sowie den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Wirksamkeit von Patentverwertungsagenturen und Technologietransferstellen. Die Handlungsempfehlungen zur Intensivierung des Wissenstransfers richten sich sowohl an die Politik als auch an die Hochschulen selbst.
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Demographic development and its economic consequences
Joachim Ragnitz, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
Within the next decades, East Germany will continue to face strong demographic challenges. In addition to shrinking, the ageing of population and labour force will more and more affect the economic development of the new Länder. Against this background, the question rises whether the shift of workforce age structure will influence growth and innovation potential as well as structural change. The IWH recently has focused on this topic widely ignored by the research literature so far. On the basis of selected methods and data, the economic impact of workforce ageing was empirically evaluated. The first issue concerns the impact of age on productivity. Based on two separate empirical investigations, the conclusion can be drawn that above a certain stage, age diminishes productivity. But higher levels of experience might partly compensate for this reduction. Secondly, the innovation effects of ageing have been analyzed. Again, significant age effects arise. Employees at the age of about 40 years turn out to be the most innovative part of the workforce. Furthermore, the analysis shows that engineers are particularly subject to age effects. A third study sheds light on the challenging consequences of ageing on entrepreneurship potential. Hence, independently of the increasing problem of skill shortages, ageing itself will unfavourably affect growth, innovation and structural change. Though political options are limited due to the more or less fixed demographic trends, appropriate instruments regarding economic, family and education policy might lower the identified age effects.
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„Knowledge Cities“: Wachstumsstrategien und institutionelle Barrieren für Städte mit Wissenschaftseinrichtungen
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2007
Abstract
Im Bemühen um eine verbesserte wirtschaftliche Entwicklung stellen Städte, die über Wissenschaftseinrichtungen verfügen, vermehrt Überlegungen an, diesen Standortfaktor als Grundlage für neue Wachstumsstrategien heranzuziehen. Ein Überblick über die quantitativen Voraussetzungen, die die deutschen Städte für die Verfolgung einer derartigen „Knowledge City“-Strategie haben, zeigt, daß 29% der deutschen Städte mit mehr als 20 000 Einwohnern als Standort für Hochschulen und Forschungsinstitute dienen. Auch unter den Mittelstädten sind in quantitativer Hinsicht die Chancen für die Anwendung einer solchen Strategie gut verteilt. Die Analyse des Politikfelds nach Instrumenten und beteiligten Politikebenen ergibt, daß sich hier die Aufgabe einer komplexen Mehrebenenpolitik mit begrenzt autonomen Akteuren stellt. Gerade die Akteure auf der kommunalen Ebene, denen eine Initiativ- und Führungsrolle im Politikprozeß zukommt, verfügen über sehr geringe Entscheidungsmacht, so daß die Erfolgschancen einer „Knowledge City“-Strategie stark vom Geschick abhängen, Netzwerke zu knüpfen und Kooperationen einzuleiten. Eine besondere Hürde stellt bisher noch die geringe Autonomie der Hochschulen dar, die unter der Direktive der jeweiligen Landesregierung stehen. Erste politische Reaktionen wie z. B. in Nordrhein-Westfalen zeigen, daß die Problematik dieser Regulierungspraxis zunehmend erkannt und den Wissenschaftseinrichtungen ein Autonomiezuwachs ermöglicht wird. Würden diese ersten Anzeichen zu einem flächendeckenden Trend anwachsen, könnte dies mehr Städte motivieren, eine „Knowledge City“- Strategie einzuschlagen.
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Universities and Innovation in Space
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Industry and Innovation,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
We investigate the role of universities as a knowledge source for regional innovation processes. The contribution of universities is tested on the level of German NUTS‐3 regions (Kreise) by using a variety of indicators. We find that the intensity and quality of the research conducted by the universities have a significant effect on regional innovative output while pure size is unimportant. Therefore, a policy that wants to promote regional innovation processes by building up universities should place substantial emphasis on the intensity and quality of the research conducted there. We also find the effects of universities to be concentrated in space. Obviously, the geographical proximity to particular knowledge sources is important for regional innovative activities.
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University policy confronted with important decisions: Growth opportunities of East German university towns must not be constricted. A comment.
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
Städte, die in ihrer Stadtentwicklungspolitik auf den Faktor Wissen setzen, haben gute Argumente: Mit dem flächendeckenden Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen verbleibt für Städte der Einwohnerzuwachs durch Wanderungen als einzige demographische Wachstumschance. Gerade in ostdeutschen Städten kommt so – mangels wirtschaftlicher Dynamik des privaten Sektors – den Ausbildungseinrichtungen und insbesondere den Hochschulen die Rolle eines wichtigen Anziehungsfaktors zu. Und Hochschulstädte ziehen in der Regel Gruppen junger Menschen an. Während 1990 z. B. in Sachsen-Anhalt 10 000 Studenten eingeschrieben waren, ist mit dem erfolgten Hochschulausbau die Studentenzahl inzwischen auf über 50 000 gestiegen. Neben dem Einwohnerwachstum, das auch für die Finanzzuweisungen vom Land wichtig ist, steigen mit dem Ausbau von Hochschulen und Forschungsinstituten auch die Chancen für Kooperationen zwischen Wissenschaft und Unternehmen. Die Beschäftigung hochqualifizierter Absolventen und Ausgründungen stärken die lokalen Wachstumskräfte.
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Do House Prices Drive Aggregate Consumption?
Marian Berneburg, Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
In recent times increasing house prices have been credited with a stong positive influence on aggre-gate consumption. But it is questionable in how far higher prices are at all able to lift the purchasing power of the economy as whole: The seller’s profit of a high price, equals the buyer’s loss. But while a positive correlation between house prices and consumption is evident, it is not a sign of irra-tional behaviour by market participants. In fact it seems that both factors are driven by other pa-rameters: the interest rate and expectations about future interest rates and economic activity. For a selection of four developed countries, the follow-ing article tries to give an explanation for the house price developments of the past 15 years. While disregarding country specific risk as well as institutional aspects and demographic factors, a present value caluclation forms the basis for esti-mating a fundamentally justified price movement. Expectations for future rents and discount rates are being proxied by a moving average of past values. It can be observed how interest rate changes and long-run economic growth, two as-pects that clearly also drive private consumption, play a key role here.
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Patents and technology transfer from universities - a literature review
Sidonia vonLedebur
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2006
Abstract
Knowledge and technologies produced at universities have to be transferred to industry for being used. In Germany the professor's privilege (of self-commercializing an invention) was abolished in 2002 in order to enhance academic patents. Additionally, regional licensing offices (“Patentverwertungsagenturen“) were established for finding companies that license academic patents. But this channel of technology represents only one of several possibilities. The article presents a survey of papers in the field of technology transfer and gives policy recommendations deduced from them. The two main points are: patent licensing offices in Germany are unnecessary narrowly focused institutions. They need to be expanded into broad service institutions for all kinds of technology transfer. And it is unrealistic to earn money for the universities with them - even though some will do - and the state has to finance them permanently, if technology transfer is a policy aim.
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