Regionalpolitische Optionen für schrumpfende Städte
Peter Franz
Aus Parlament und Zeitgeschichte,
2005
Abstract
The current policy for the treatment of the problems of shrinking East German cities favours too one-sided the demolition of vacant housing units and the economic recovery of large housing enterprises. In addition to this a pessimism spreads that cities with a shrinking population sooner or later will suffer from economic distress. Such policies and attitudes are not suitable to improve the chances of the cities competing interregionally for business locations. It will be recommended to integrate demolition measures in a local strategy aimed to strengthen the existing economic potentials and to ameliorate the image of the city.
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Network Access Charges, Vertical Integration, and Property Rights Structure
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
Energy Economics,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
After the deregulation of the German electricity markets in 1998, the German government opted for a regulatory regime called negotiated third party access, which would be subject to ex post control by the federal cartel office. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers. As the electricity networks are incontestable natural monopolies, the local and regional network operators are able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, limited only by their concerns over possible interference by the federal cartel office (Bundeskartellamt). In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for varying charging behaviour depending on a supplier`s economic independence (structure of property rights) or its level of vertical integration. For this purpose we hypothesise that incorporated and vertically integrated suppliers set different charges than independent utility companies. Multivariate estimations show a relation between network access charges and the network operator’s economic independence as well as level of vertical integration. On the low voltage level, for an estimated annual consumption of 1700 kW/h, vertically integrated firms set – as predicted by our hypothesis - significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers. There is insufficient evidence available to confirm these results for other consumptions or voltage levels.
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Kooperation, Vernetzung und Erfolg von Unternehmen - die Biotechnologiebranche
Walter Komar
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
According to theoretical implications the succes of enterprises benefits from co-operation and integration into networks. Enterprises of the biotechnology sector in particular have a high propensity to build up co-operations. Estimations of the growth of firms using co-operation-based and non-co-operation-based factors as independent variables reveal a significantly positive influence of the propensity of co-operation as well as networking. In this regard scientific institutions and universities located in geographical proximity of firms play an important role. From this analysis it can be generalized and concluded, concerning other industries too, that networks emerge automatically under certain conditions. Nevertheless their creation and development should be encouraged, e.g. by efficiency incentives for public research and education of universities as well as an intensification of co-operation and networking between the scientific and the corporate sector. This can promote the technology and human capital transfer.
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Cooperation and integration improve company growth - the branch example of modern biotechnology
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Theoretischen Überlegungen zufolge wird die Entwicklung von Unternehmen durch Kooperation und Netzwerkeinbindung begünstigt. Diese Hypothese wird nachfolgend für das Beschäftigungswachstum von Unternehmen am Beispiel der Branche der modernen Biotechnologie näher untersucht. Tatsächlich zeigt sich, dass die Kooperationsneigung der Firmen in diesem noch jungen Sektor stark ausgeprägt ist. Obwohl sich die Branche seit etwa 2001 in einer Konsolidierungsphase befindet, wuchsen die meisten Anbieter nach wie vor überdurchschnittlich. Gerade diese wachsenden Firmen zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Kooperationsneigung und Vernetzung aus. Schätzungen zur Abhängigkeit des Unternehmenswachstums von kooperations- und nichtkooperationsbezogenen Faktoren zeigen signifikant positive Einflüsse der Kooperation und Vernetzung. Diesbezüglich spielen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen in Standortnähe der Firmen eine bedeutende Rolle....
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Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm-Level Data
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer
Economic Policy,
No. 41,
2005
Abstract
Foreign direct investment is an essential aspect of ‘globalization’ yet its empirical determinants are not well understood. What we do know is based either on poor data for a wide range of nations, or good data for the US and Swedish cases. In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of the activities of German multinational firms by using a newly available firm-level data set from the Deutsche Bundesbank. The specific goal of this paper is to demonstrate the relative role of country-level and firm-level determinants of foreign direct investment. We focus on three main questions: First, what are the main driving forces of German firms’ multinational activities? Second, is there evidence that sector-level and firm-level factors shape internationalization patterns? Third, is there evidence of agglomeration effects in the foreign activities of German firms? We find that the market access motive for internationalization dominates. Firms move abroad mainly to gain better access to large foreign markets. Cost-saving motives, however, are important for some manufacturing sectors. Our results strongly suggest that firm-level heterogeneity has an important influence on internationalization patterns – as stressed by recent models of international trade. We also find positive agglomeration effects for the activities of German firms that stem from the number of other German firms that are active on a given foreign market. In terms of lessons for economic policy, our results show that lowering barriers to the integration of markets and encouraging the formation of human capital can promote the activities of multinational firms. However, our results related to the heterogeneity of firms and agglomeration tendencies show that it might be difficult to fine-tune policies directed at the exploitation of synergies and at the creation of clusters of foreign firms.
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Cross-border Banking and Transmission Mechanisms in Europe: Evidence from German Data
Claudia M. Buch
Applied Financial Economics,
No. 16,
2004
Abstract
International activities of commercial banks play a potential role for the transmission of shocks across countries. This paper presents stylized facts of the integration of European banking markets and analyses the potential of banks to transmit shocks across countries. Although the openness of banking systems has increased, bilateral financial linkages among EU countries are relatively small. The exceptions are claims of German banks on a number of smaller countries. These data are used for an analysis of the determinants of cross-border lending patterns.
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(No) Way out of unemployment? Evaluation of further education programs for various target groups
Eva Reinowski, Birgit Schultz, Jürgen Wiemers
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 14,
2004
Abstract
Die Förderung der beruflichen Weiterbildung ist eines der wichtigsten Instrumente der Arbeitsmarktpolitik in den neuen Bundesländern. Ob damit tatsächlich die Integration in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt beschleunigt wird, ist Gegenstand der aktuellen Diskussion. Welche Personengruppen ihre Beschäftigungschancen durch Weiterbildung besonders verbessern können, wurde bisher allerdings nur selten untersucht. In diesem Beitrag wird eine differenzierte Analyse des Maßnahmeeffekts auf die Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer sächsischer Weiterbildungsteilnehmer vorgestellt, bei der insbesondere auch die Zielgruppen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik untersucht werden. Damit soll eine Antwort auf die Frage, welche persönlichen, ökonomischen und institutionellen Faktoren den Beschäftigungserfolg der geförderten Maßnahmen beeinflussen, gefunden werden. Für die einzelnen Gruppen lassen sich graduell unterschiedliche Ergebnisse feststellen, was darauf hindeutet, dass die untersuchten Faktoren den Maßnahmeeffekt beeinflussen. Allerdings kann für keine der analysierten Gruppen ein positiver Beschäftigungseffekt beobachtet werden.
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A Monetary Vector Error Correction Model of the Euro Area and Implications for Monetary Policy
Oliver Holtemöller
Empirical Economics,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
In this paper, a vector error correction model for Euro area money, prices, output, long-term interest rate and short-term interest rate with three identified cointegration relations is specified. It is shown that Euro area money and prices can be considered as variables that are integrated of order two or I(2), that is, they have to be differenced twice to become stationary. Accordingly, the relation between money, prices and other macroeconomic variables is analyzed in an econometric framework which is suited for the analysis of I(2)-variables. Monetary policy implications are derived from the estimated system.
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Cross-border bank mergers: What lures the rare animal?
Claudia M. Buch, G. DeLong
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 9,
2004
Abstract
Although domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the financial services industry have increased steadily over the past two decades, international M&As were until recently relatively rare. Moreover, the share of cross-border mergers in the banking industry is low compared with other industries. This paper uses a novel dataset of over 3000 mergers that took place between 1985 and 2001 to analyze the determinants of international bank mergers. We test the extent to which information costs and regulations hold back merger activity. Our results suggest that information costs significantly impede cross-border bank mergers. Regulations also influence cross-border bank merger activity. Hence, policy makers can create environments that encourage cross-border activity, but information cost barriers must be overcome even in (legally) integrated markets.
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The influence of Vertical Integration and Property Rights on Network Access Charges in the German Electricity Markets
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
No. 6,
2004
Abstract
German Electricity markets were deregulated in the late nineties of the last century. In contrast to other European countries, the German government enacted negotiated third party access instead of installing a regulation authority. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers, which specify the calculation schemes for access charges. Local and regional suppliers are nevertheless able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, restricted only by the possibility of interference competition authorities. While some of those suppliers have been acquired by one of the four Transmission System Operators and become vertically integrated, the majority is still independent public utility companies. In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for different charging behaviour depending on the supplier’s economic independence or its level of vertical integration. Controlling for other coefficients as the so called structural features and related cost differences as well as the influence of competition law suits, multivariate estimations show significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers for at least one typical case.
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