Human Capital Mobility and Convergence. A Spatial Dynamic Panel Model of the German Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
IAB-Discussion Paper 23/2012,
2012
Abstract
Since the fall of the iron curtain in 1989, the migration deficit of the Eastern part of Germany has accumulated to 1.8 million people, which is over 10 percent of its ini-tial population. Depending on their human capital endowment, these migrants might either – in the case of low-skilled migration – accelerate or – in high-skilled case– impede convergence. Due to the availability of detailed data on regional human capital, migration and productivity growth, we are able to test how geographic mobil-ity affects convergence via the human capital selectivity of migration. With regard to the endogeneity of the migration flows and human capital, we apply a dynamic panel data model within the framework of β-convergence and account for spatial depend-ence. The regressions indicate a positive, robust, but modest effect of a migration surplus on regional productivity growth. After controlling for human capital, the effect of migration decreases; this decrease indicates that skill selectivity is one way that migration impacts growth.
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The Internationalization of Science and Its Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship
S. Krabel, D. S. Siegel, Viktor Slavtchev
The Journal of Technology Transfer,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
We examine whether scientists employed in foreign countries and foreign-educated native researchers are more “entrepreneurial” than their “domestic” counterparts. We conjecture that foreign-born and foreign-educated scientists possess broader scientific skills and social capital, which increases their likelihood that they will start their own companies. To test this hypothesis we analyze comprehensive data from researchers at the Max Planck Society in Germany. Our findings provide strong support for the conjecture that academic entrepreneurship can be stimulated by facilitating the mobility of scientists across countries.
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Selektivität, soziale Bindung und räumliche Mobilität - Eine Analyse der Rückkehrpräferenz nach Ostdeutschland
Lutz Schneider, Alexander Kubis, D. Wiest
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie,
No. -1,
2011
Abstract
Selectivity, social ties and spatial mobility. An analysis of preferences for return migration to East Germany. In the public debate, brain drain from East Germany is supposed to be the most critical trend regarding the development and catching up of the New Länder. Therefore, potential for in- and re-migration has attracted much attention at least in the political context. Our contribution analyses the remigration potential on basis of data from a DFG research project focussing on the re-migration intentions of people formerly emigrated from Saxony-Anhalt. The analysis concentrates on the following aspects: the effect of job market success after emigration; the impact of social ties to the origin and the host region and on the selectivity of re-migration preferences. The econometric results confirm several expected effects: On the one hand an individual’s job market success reduces the intention to return. Likewise, the re-migration preference increases for people whose expectations were disappointed. On the other hand, the relevance of social ties to the origin region for re-migration dispositions is confirmed by the estimations. Yet, regarding selectivity of re-migration preferences in terms of human capital econometric results are somewhat ambiguous.
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Ageing and Labour Markets: An Analysis on the effect of worker’s age on productivity, innovation and mobility
Lutz Schneider
Technische Universität Dresden. Dissertation,
2011
Abstract
The present study analyses the labour market effect of workers’ ageing. Explicitly, the impact of age on productivity and wages, on innovation as well as on mobility is explored empirically. The econometric analyses are based on firm and employment data from the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and, thus, refer to the labour market of Germany. Regarding the productivity and wage effects of age the econometric results confirm a positive correlation between firm productivity and the share of middle-aged employees (41-50 years old) within the manufacturing sector. Hence, the results provide evidence of an inverted u-shaped age-productivity profile in this sector also found for other countries. Furthermore, age-wage and age-productivity profiles seem to follow unequal patterns. Compared to the group of the 15-30 and the 51 and above years old workers the group of middle-aged employees earn less than a productivity based wage scheme would require. In terms of age effects on innovativeness the micro-econometric analysis again reveals an inverted u-shaped profile. Workers aged around 40 years seem to act as key driver for innovation activities within firms. An additional finding concerns the impact of age diversity on innovation. The expected positive effect of a heterogeneous age structure is not confirmed by the data. With respect to labour market mobility results are in favour of a negative correlation between age and job mobility either in terms of changing professions or firms. The estimation of a multi equation model verifies that expected wages of older workers do not or only marginally increase due to job mobility, so, financial incentives to change jobs are very low. Yet, even after controlling the absent wage incentive older employees still remain more immobile than younger workers. Altogether, these results should not only be of academic interest but also informative for actors on the firm and the governmental level. Both sides are asked to cope with the challenges of demographic change. Only by maintaining productivity and innovativeness until old ages the necessary resources can be generated to preserve an economy’s prosperity even if the share of non-active population is increasing by demographic developments. Secondly, enhancing productivity is essential to ensure employability of older persons and to sustain the size of workforce even in the circumstances of an ageing economy.
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Von der Intention zur Gründung - Gründerwettbewerbe in Deutschland
N. Waldmann, Michael Schwartz, Claus Michelsen
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
The number of aspiring entrepreneurs in high-tech industries that succeed in completing the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation is too low in Germany. Responding to this unsatisfactory situation, since the mid 1990s, numerous start-up competitions (or business plan competitions) have been established to stimulate the transition from nascent to real entrepreneurship. Those competitions have too major objectives: Increasing start-up probabilities by mobilizing potential entrepreneurs while simultaneously increasing the probability of start-up success of the prospective start-ups. Despite their importance as (policy) measure to encourage entrepreneurship, a discussion of their effectiveness is missing so far. The present article tries to contribute to the understanding of start-up competitions by providing broad empirical evidence on the development, on the regional distribution and on the most important characteristics of existing start-up competitions in Germany. Further, the article presents and discusses most important empirical results regarding the effectiveness of those start-up competitions (and other important factors as well) to act as a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation in high-technology industries. Finally, we derive conclusions for an agenda of main future research questions.
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Aktuelle Trends: Studienanfänger immer mobiler – Leiten Studiengebühren die Wanderungen?
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
Die Zahl der Studienberechtigten und ebenso der Studienanfänger hat sich in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland erheblich erhöht. Auch der Anteil eines Jahrgangs, welcher eine Studienberechtigung erworben hat und welcher tatsächlich ein Studium beginnt, weist einen steigenden Trend auf. Dies gilt nicht zuletzt für die Bundesländer, welche in den vergangenen Jahren Studiengebühren eingeführt haben. Insofern scheint sich kein Indiz für eine negative Wirkung eines kostenpflichtigen Studiums auf die Studierneigung zu finden. Indes wäre ein solcher Schluss insofern verfrüht, als die Studieninteressierten in Deutschland gegenwärtig die Möglichkeit haben, den Studiengebühren qua Wanderung in Bundesländer ohne Gebühren zu entgehen.
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04.11.2010 • 62/2010
Studienanfänger immer mobiler – leiten Studiengebühren die Wanderungen?
Die Zahl der Studienberechtigten und ebenso der Studienanfänger hat sich in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland erheblich erhöht. Auch der Anteil eines Jahrganges, welcher eine Studienberechtigung erworben hat und welcher tatsächlich ein Studium beginnt, weist einen steigenden Trend auf. Dies gilt nicht zuletzt für die Bundesländer, welche in den vergangenen Jahren Studiengebühren eingeführt haben. Insofern scheint sich kein Indiz für eine negative Wirkung eines kostenpflichtigen Studiums auf die Studierneigung zu finden.
Informal Social Networks and Spatial Mobility
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
Individuals’ preferences in transition regions are still shaped by the former communist system. We test this ‘communist legacy’ hypothesis by examining the impact of acculturation in a communist regime on social network participation and, as a consequence, on preferences for spatial mobility. We focus on the paradigmatic case of Eastern Germany, where mobility intentions seem to be substantially weaker than in the Western part. Applying an IV ordered probit approach we first find that Eastern people acculturated in a communist system are more invested in locally bounded informal social capital than Western people. Second, we confirm that membership in such locally bounded social networks reduces the intention to move away. Third, after controlling for the social network effect the mobility gap between East and West is substantially reduced. Low spatial mobility of the Eastern population, we conclude, is to an important extent attributable to a social capital endowment characteristic of post-communist economies
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Seniorität, spezifisches Kapital und Beschäftigungsmobilität - Warum Ältere seltener wechseln
Lutz Schneider
T. Salzmann, V. Skirbekk, M. Weiberg (Hrsg.), Wirtschaftspolitische Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels,
2010
Abstract
The analysis focuses on the relationship of ageing and labour mobility. We answer the questions if i) mobility is wage driven, if ii) older workers are still able to generate wage increases by job switching and if iii) lacking wage incentives can explain the existing mobility gap of older workers. The empirical analysis is limited to labour mobility in terms of changing job or occupation. We estimate a multi equation model known as switching regression model with endogenous switching. The data stem from the IAB employment sample. We firstly show that expected wage increases encourage job switching. Secondly, we find evidence for lower expected wage increases due to job changes for older workers. Thirdly we find that the mobility gap of older workers is only partly attributable to reduced wage incentives of a job switch.
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Selectivity, Social Ties and Spatial Mobility – An Analysis of Preferences for Return Migration
Lutz Schneider, Alexander Kubis, D. Wiest
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2010
Abstract
In the public debate, the brain drain from East Germany is supposed to be the most critical trend regarding the development and catching-up of the New Länder. Therefore, potential for in- and re-migration has attracted much attention at least in the political context. Our contribution analyses the re-migration potential on the basis of data from a DFG research project focussing on the re-migration intentions of people formerly emigrated from Saxony-Anhalt. The analysis concentrates on the following aspects: the effect of job market success after emigration; the impact of social ties to the origin and the host region and on the selectivity of
re-migration preferences. The econometric results confirm several expected effects: On the one hand an individual’s job market success reduces the intention to return. Likewise, the re-migration preference increases for people whose expectations were disappointed. On the other hand, the relevance of social ties to the origin region for re-migration dispositions is confirmed by the estimations. Yet, regarding selectivity of re-migration preferences in terms of human capital econometric results are somewhat ambiguous.
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