Von der Intention zur Gründung - Gründerwettbewerbe in Deutschland
N. Waldmann, Michael Schwartz, Claus Michelsen
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
The number of aspiring entrepreneurs in high-tech industries that succeed in completing the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation is too low in Germany. Responding to this unsatisfactory situation, since the mid 1990s, numerous start-up competitions (or business plan competitions) have been established to stimulate the transition from nascent to real entrepreneurship. Those competitions have too major objectives: Increasing start-up probabilities by mobilizing potential entrepreneurs while simultaneously increasing the probability of start-up success of the prospective start-ups. Despite their importance as (policy) measure to encourage entrepreneurship, a discussion of their effectiveness is missing so far. The present article tries to contribute to the understanding of start-up competitions by providing broad empirical evidence on the development, on the regional distribution and on the most important characteristics of existing start-up competitions in Germany. Further, the article presents and discusses most important empirical results regarding the effectiveness of those start-up competitions (and other important factors as well) to act as a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation in high-technology industries. Finally, we derive conclusions for an agenda of main future research questions.
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Aktuelle Trends: Studienanfänger immer mobiler – Leiten Studiengebühren die Wanderungen?
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
Die Zahl der Studienberechtigten und ebenso der Studienanfänger hat sich in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland erheblich erhöht. Auch der Anteil eines Jahrgangs, welcher eine Studienberechtigung erworben hat und welcher tatsächlich ein Studium beginnt, weist einen steigenden Trend auf. Dies gilt nicht zuletzt für die Bundesländer, welche in den vergangenen Jahren Studiengebühren eingeführt haben. Insofern scheint sich kein Indiz für eine negative Wirkung eines kostenpflichtigen Studiums auf die Studierneigung zu finden. Indes wäre ein solcher Schluss insofern verfrüht, als die Studieninteressierten in Deutschland gegenwärtig die Möglichkeit haben, den Studiengebühren qua Wanderung in Bundesländer ohne Gebühren zu entgehen.
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04.11.2010 • 62/2010
Studienanfänger immer mobiler – leiten Studiengebühren die Wanderungen?
Die Zahl der Studienberechtigten und ebenso der Studienanfänger hat sich in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland erheblich erhöht. Auch der Anteil eines Jahrganges, welcher eine Studienberechtigung erworben hat und welcher tatsächlich ein Studium beginnt, weist einen steigenden Trend auf. Dies gilt nicht zuletzt für die Bundesländer, welche in den vergangenen Jahren Studiengebühren eingeführt haben. Insofern scheint sich kein Indiz für eine negative Wirkung eines kostenpflichtigen Studiums auf die Studierneigung zu finden.
Informal Social Networks and Spatial Mobility
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
Individuals’ preferences in transition regions are still shaped by the former communist system. We test this ‘communist legacy’ hypothesis by examining the impact of acculturation in a communist regime on social network participation and, as a consequence, on preferences for spatial mobility. We focus on the paradigmatic case of Eastern Germany, where mobility intentions seem to be substantially weaker than in the Western part. Applying an IV ordered probit approach we first find that Eastern people acculturated in a communist system are more invested in locally bounded informal social capital than Western people. Second, we confirm that membership in such locally bounded social networks reduces the intention to move away. Third, after controlling for the social network effect the mobility gap between East and West is substantially reduced. Low spatial mobility of the Eastern population, we conclude, is to an important extent attributable to a social capital endowment characteristic of post-communist economies
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Seniorität, spezifisches Kapital und Beschäftigungsmobilität - Warum Ältere seltener wechseln
Lutz Schneider
T. Salzmann, V. Skirbekk, M. Weiberg (Hrsg.), Wirtschaftspolitische Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels,
2010
Abstract
The analysis focuses on the relationship of ageing and labour mobility. We answer the questions if i) mobility is wage driven, if ii) older workers are still able to generate wage increases by job switching and if iii) lacking wage incentives can explain the existing mobility gap of older workers. The empirical analysis is limited to labour mobility in terms of changing job or occupation. We estimate a multi equation model known as switching regression model with endogenous switching. The data stem from the IAB employment sample. We firstly show that expected wage increases encourage job switching. Secondly, we find evidence for lower expected wage increases due to job changes for older workers. Thirdly we find that the mobility gap of older workers is only partly attributable to reduced wage incentives of a job switch.
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Selectivity, Social Ties and Spatial Mobility – An Analysis of Preferences for Return Migration
Lutz Schneider, Alexander Kubis, D. Wiest
Abstract
In the public debate, the brain drain from East Germany is supposed to be the most critical trend regarding the development and catching-up of the New Länder. Therefore, potential for in- and re-migration has attracted much attention at least in the political context. Our contribution analyses the re-migration potential on the basis of data from a DFG research project focussing on the re-migration intentions of people formerly emigrated from Saxony-Anhalt. The analysis concentrates on the following aspects: the effect of job market success after emigration; the impact of social ties to the origin and the host region and on the selectivity of
re-migration preferences. The econometric results confirm several expected effects: On the one hand an individual’s job market success reduces the intention to return. Likewise, the re-migration preference increases for people whose expectations were disappointed. On the other hand, the relevance of social ties to the origin region for re-migration dispositions is confirmed by the estimations. Yet, regarding selectivity of re-migration preferences in terms of human capital econometric results are somewhat ambiguous.
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Why are East Germans not More Mobile? Analyzing the Impact of Social Ties on Regional Migration
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Abstract
Individuals’ preferences in transition regions are still shaped by the former communist system. We test this ‘Communism legacy’ hypothesis by examining the impact of acculturation in a communist regime on social network participation and, as a consequence, on preferences for spatial mobility. We focus on the paradigmatic case of East Germany where mobility intentions seem to be substantially weaker than in the western part. Applying an IV ordered probit approach we firstly find that East German people acculturated in a Communist system are more invested in locally bounded informal social capital than West Germans. Secondly, we confirm that membership in such locally bounded social networks reduces the intention to move away. Thirdly, after controlling for the social network effect the mobility gap between East and West substantially reduces. Low spatial mobility of the eastern population, we conclude, is to an important part attributable to a social capital endowment characteristic to post-communist economies.
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Institutional transition, social capital mix and local ties – Does Communist legacy explain low labour mobility?
Peter Bönisch, Lutz Schneider
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge, (66),
No. 66,
2010
Abstract
This paper empirically analyses the question why East Germans facing weak regional labour markets show rather limited spatial mobility. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, our estimation of a simultaneous three equation ordered probit model shows that informal social capital reduces regional mobility while formal social capital supports it. Furthermore, we find that East Germans acculturated in a communist system are more invested in locally bounded informal social capital than in the mobility supporting formal social capital. Low spatial mobility of East Germans, we conclude, is to an important part attributable to a system specific social capital mix.
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Are there Gender-specific Preferences for Location Factors? A Grouped Conditional Logit-model of Interregional Migration Flows in Germany
Lutz Schneider, Alexander Kubis
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2009
Abstract
The article analyses the question whether women and men differ in their tastes for location factors. The question is answered by quantifying the impact of location characteristics on interregional migration flows across Germany. The analysis is based on a grouped conditional logit approach. We augment the framework by controlling for violation of the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption and for overdispersion. As a result, we find no differences in terms of direction of impact. However, the regressions confirm gender differences in terms of intensity, particularly regarding regional wage levels and the availability of educational institutions.
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Public Housing and the Fear of Private Equity – Assessing Social Impacts
Dominik Weiß
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
This contribution examines the consequences of sales of municipal flats to private investors, which have been criticised strongly for social reasons. An evaluation of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) from 1999 to 2006 reveals no serious consequences of the privatisation of municipal flats on the affected households. It cannot produce empirical evidence to foster arguments for the public criticism of the public housing sales. The essential results from this sample point to moderate rent increases and above-average investment activity after the privatisation. However, the analysis of the household´s sentiment whether the total expense load for the flat is adequate shows that tenants in privatised flats found their flat increasingly expensive. A possible reason for this development might be the lower mobility of the residents of municipal flats.
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