Paying Outsourced Labor: Direct Evidence from Linked Temp Agency-Worker-Client Data
Andres Drenik, Simon Jäger, Pascuel Plotkin, Benjamin Schoefer
Review of Economics and Statistics,
No. 1,
2023
Abstract
We estimate how much firms differentiate pay premia between regular and outsourced workers in temp agency work arrangements. We leverage unique Argentinian administrative data that feature links between user firms (the workplaces where temp workers perform their labor) and temp agencies (their formal employers). We estimate that a high-wage user firm that pays a regular worker a 10% premium pays a temp worker on average only a 4.9% premium, compared to what these workers would earn in a low-wage user firm in their respective work arrangements—the midpoint between the benchmarks for insiders (one) and the competitive spot-labor market (zero).
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The German Model of Industrial Relations: Balancing Flexibility and Collective Action
Simon Jäger, Shakked Noy, Benjamin Schoefer
Journal of Economic Perspectives,
No. 4,
2022
Abstract
We give an overview of the "German model" of industrial relations. We organize our review by focusing on the two pillars of the model: sectoral collective bargaining and firm-level codetermination. Relative to the United States, Germany outsources collective bargaining to the sectoral level, resulting in higher coverage and the avoidance of firm-level distributional conflict. Relative to other European countries, Germany makes it easy for employers to avoid coverage or use flexibility provisions to deviate downwards from collective agreements. The greater flexibility of the German system may reduce unemployment, but may also erode bargaining coverage and increase inequality. Meanwhile, firm-level codetermination through worker board representation and works councils creates cooperative dialogue between employers and workers. Board representation has few direct impacts owing to worker representatives' minority vote share, but works councils, which hold a range of substantive powers, may be more impactful. Overall, the German model highlights tensions between efficiency-enhancing flexibility and equity-enhancing collective action.
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Arbeitskosteneffekte des Vorleistungsbezugs der Industrie an Dienstleistungen in Deutschland im Vergleich mit Frankreich und den Niederlanden – Eine Untersuchung mit der Input-Output-Methode. Gutachten im Auftrag des Instituts für Makroökonomie und Konjunkturforschung (IMK)
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
IMK Studies Nr. 4/2010,
2010
Abstract
As part of the outsourcing, industrial enterprises receive services in the production of their products which they used to provide on their own. As a result of the wage differentials between industry and service sector there is a shift in the burden labour costs have on industrial products. The study addresses the question of how significant this effect is. For this purpose the open static input-output model is used to analyse the degree of integration of the industry with its suppliers, the employment intensity of production and the labour cost differentials between the areas of production in Germany and in comparison with France and the Netherlands. The result of the labour cost analysis of industrial production shows - from a macroeconomic point of view - that the industry products have a smaller burden due to labour costs in Germany, France and the Netherlands, than the sectoral levels in the industry indicate. The difference in Germany is quantitative particularly strong pronounced. This saving in wage costs has increased somewhat after 2000. Crucial is that this discharge effect is achieved on the immediate wholesale inputs, that means in the first integration stage of industrial production.
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Municipal Enterprises as Shadow Budgets – How do they Affect the Actual Budgetary Situation of Germany´s Local Governments?
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2009
Abstract
Outsourcing of municipal tasks from the core budget to municipal enterprises tends to distort the perception of the actual financial position, net assets and results of operations of the German local governments. Excess supply or -demand of/for local public services might be possible consequences of this development. Hence, this article attempts to develop a more comprehensive picture of the municipal budgetary position by a simultaneous analysis of selected indicators. Furthermore, the methodological problems of the calculations are illustrated.
If these shadow budgets are taken into account, the total per capita revenues, -investments and -debts will increase by approximately one third to 50%. However, the share of the municipal employees belonging to the core administration in the total number of municipal employees is 75%. Although only about 22% of the expenditures for certain voluntary municipal tasks have been outsourced, there seems to be an upward trend.
The study also indicates that there are significant differences between Eastern and Western German cities. These include the higher revenues from municipal enterprises, the higher debts per capita and the higher expenditures on culture, sports, leisure services or the promotion of science in Eastern Germany.
The results should be interpreted carefully due to some shortcomings of the official statistics. For example, internal cash flows cannot be totally eliminated. Moreover, indirect municipal majority holdings as well as the municipal savings banks are not included in the results.
All in all, it remains to be seen whether the initiated reforms concerning the introduction of double-entry accounting into the local government budgeting system will help to achieve the ideal goal of a meaningful “consolidated financial statement” for the “city company”.
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20.05.2009 • 32/2009
Kommunale Unternehmen als Schattenhaushalte – Wie sieht die tatsächliche Haushaltssituation der deutschen Kommunen aus?
In deutschen Kommunen findet zunehmend Outsourcing in Form von Verlagerung von Aufgaben und Ausgaben aus dem Kernhaushalt auf kommunale Unternehmen statt. Die Folge ist eine verzerrte Wahrnehmung der Haushaltssituation. Eine differenzierte, transparente Darstellung der Kern- und Nebenhaushalte, wie sie auch der vorliegende Beitrag vornimmt, soll durch eine Reform des kommunalen Rechnungswesens durch Umstellung von Kameralistik auf Doppik sichergestellt werden.
Privatisierung kommunaler Leistungen – Erfolgs- und Misserfolgsfaktoren für die Entstaatlichung kommunaler Leistungen
Peter Haug
Demographie als Herausforderung für den öffentlichen Sektor.,
2008
Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wurde versucht, Antworten auf die Frage zu finden, ob der u. a. infolge des demographischen Wandels gestiegene Kostendruck für die deutschen Kommunen durch die Privatisierung kommunaler Leistungsangebote gemildert werden kann. Als normativer Referenzrahmen wurde dabei die Theorie des Marktversagens und der Transaktionskostenansatz herangezogen. Eine Bewertung des aktuellen kommunalen Aufgabenspektrums zeigt, dass zwar in vielen Fällen Marktversagenstatbestände vorliegen, die staatliche Markteingriffe nötig machen. Allerdings erfordert dies nicht notwendigerweise, z. B. wegen des in der Praxis vielfach beobachteten „Staatsversagens“, auch eine kommunale Bereitstellung und Produktion. Bei vielen freiwilligen Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben erscheint daher eine weitgehende Privatisierung unter Effizienzgesichtspunkten zumindest unproblematisch. Für die Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben des übertragenen Wirkungskreises stellt sich dagegen – wegen der Unmöglichkeit der Übertragung der Aufgabenverantwortung an Private – derzeit vor allem die Frage nach Eigenproduktion oder Fremdbezug. Zentral für die Auslagerungsentscheidung ist dabei neben der Höhe der potentiellen Transaktionskosten eine hinreichende Wettbewerbsintensität auf den fraglichen Gütermärkten. Wettbewerbsintensität kann – bei entsprechender Teilbarkeit der Produktionsprozesse – durch Vergabe der Leistungen an mehrere Auftragnehmer gesichert werden, notfalls auf Kosten möglicher Größenvorteile. Die exemplarisch ausgewerteten Befunde nationaler und internationaler empirischer Untersuchungen zeigen tendenziell, dass vor allem in kommunalen Bereichen mit niedrigen Transaktionskosten (Müllabfuhr, Reinigungsleistungen) Effizienzgewinne durch Outsourcing möglich sind, sofern eine gewisse Wettbewerbsintensität auch nach der Auslagerung gewährleistet ist. Demgegenüber lassen sich z. B. für die Wasserwirtschaft (hohe Transaktionskosten, Unmöglichkeit eines Wettbewerbs „im Markt“) keine generellen Effizienzvorteile privater gegenüber öffentlichen Unternehmen belegen. Hier wird es vom jeweiligen Einzelfall abhängen, ob eine Privatisierung der Produktion zu Kostenentlastungen für die Kommune führt.
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The Economic Geography of Offshoring.
Ulrich Blum
Offshoring Journal,
No. 1,
2007
Abstract
Offshoring is defined as the moving of entrepreneurial functions or business functions to other places, mostly third countries, or ordering the respective services from an independent company in a third country. Today, offshoring activities are mostly interesting if they relate to the service, especially those parts in which digital processes play an important role. Also activities with low transaction costs and advantages of locations are best suited for offshoring. But the question of what to outsource and what to keep in-house is also related to the limits of the firm and the limits of a legal system.
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Direct investments in Central and Eastern European acceding countries: Repercussions for the German labor market?
Constanze Dey
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2003
Abstract
In the light of the high unemployment in the Germany we ask whether German FDI to the CEEC is motivated mainly by cost differentials and takes the form of vertical investment which leads to an increased pressure on blue collar jobs in Germany. The analysis shows that German direct investment abroad is motivated both by reasons of market access and by cost differentials. About 60 % of all German FDI is directed toward the service sector. Here, no negative impact on the German labour market is to be expected. About 40 % of total German FDI may partly be motivated by cost advantages and lead to outsourcing. In the three most important CEEC recipient countries (Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary) about half of all FDI is directed toward the manufacturing industries (chemical industry and automobile industry in particular). This supports the hypothesis that vertical investment to these CEECs has been directed towards sectors that display cost advantages (i.e. low labour costs) which results in a decrease of the number of blue collar jobs and their respectives wages.
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