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Die Entfaltung einer Marktwirtschaft – Die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft fünf Jahre nach der Währungsunion
Rüdiger Pohl
Contribution to IWH Volume,
Festschrift für Gerhard Heimpold, IWH
2020
Abstract
Die Öffnung der Mauer am 9. November 1989, die Einführung der Deutschen Mark (DM) in der DDR zum 1. Juli 1990, die Wiedervereinigung am 3. Oktober 1990: Diese drei Daten markieren vor dem Hintergrund des Zusammenbruchs des Sozialismus in Osteuropa eine historische Umwälzung, die nicht nur die politischen Verhältnisse in Deutschland grundlegend verändert hat, sondern auch eine neue deutsche Volkswirtschaft hervorbringen sollte. Das marktwirtschaftliche System, in dessen Ordnungsrahmen der Westen des Landes zu Wohlstand gekommen ist, würde nun – so waren die Erwartungen – auch im Osten des Landes eine dynamische Wirtschaftsentwicklung einleiten und die Mangel des sozialistischen Systems der DDR vergessen machen. Die Erwartungen waren hoch, ja euphorisch. Durch die Aufhebung aller Einfuhrbeschränkungen und die Ausstattung der DDR-Bürger mit konvertibler DM wurden lange aufgestaute Konsumwünsche rasch erfüllbar. Weil nicht mehr wie zuvor chronische Materialengpässe immer wieder Produktionsstillstand verursachen würden, konnte ein sprunghafter Effizienzzuwachs in der Produktion erwartet werden. Das Unternehmertum, in der DDR systematisch eingeengt und bis zur volkswirtschaftlichen Bedeutungslosigkeit reduziert, würde sich entfalten und für Arbeitsplätze und steigende Einkommen sorgen. Angesichts des Nachholbedarfs an Modernisierung im Maschinenpark und in der Infrastruktur versprachen Investitionen im Osten eine hohe Rentabilität; das musste einen reichlichen Zustrom auswärtigen Kapitals auslösen. Zwar würde der Übergang vom Sozialismus zur Marktwirtschaft auch Lasten verursachen, aber nach verbreiteter Auffassung war nur eine „Anschubfinanzierung“ als finanzielle Unterstützung für den Osten durch den Westen nötig. Skeptische Stimmen, die in Ostdeutschland keine signifikanten Standortvorteile entdecken konnten und deswegen einen schmerzhaften Transformationsprozess erwarteten, gab es auch, doch wollte ihnen kaum jemand Gehör schenken. Zu sehr waren die Hoffnungen auf wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand ausgerichtet; die Befreiung von jahrzehntelanger staatlicher Bevormundung und Einschränkung stärkte die Einschätzung, dass das Erhoffte mit entsprechender Anstrengung auch erreichbar ist. Der „Aufholprozess“ – der Abbau des Einkommensrückstandes gegenüber Westdeutschland – schien nur eine Angelegenheit von wenigen Jahren zu sein.
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Transformation und Finanzmärkte: Die Rolle evidenzbasierter Politik
Claudia M. Buch
Contribution to IWH Volume,
Festschrift für Gerhard Heimpold, IWH
2020
Abstract
Die Transformation der Planwirtschaften Osteuropas in markwirtschaftliche Systeme, die Integration Ost- und Westeuropas und die deutsche Wiedervereinigung waren recht einmalige politische und gesellschaftliche Prozesse. Es gab keine „Evidenz“ aus früheren Zeiten, an denen sich die handelnden Akteure orientieren konnten. Zeigt dies die Grenzen evidenzbasierter Politik auf? Einer Politik, die Maßnahmen vorab evaluiert, deren Wirkungen beobachtet und aus diesen empirischen Beobachtungen systematisch Schlüsse für zukünftiges politisches Handeln zieht? In einem eng definierten Sinn evidenzbasierter Politik muss die Antwort auf diese Frage sicherlich „Ja“ lauten. Es gibt Grenzen evidenzbasierter Politik in Zeiten großer gesellschaftlicher Umwälzungen und wenn (wirtschafts-)politische Maßnahmen so weit aus dem Rahmen des bisher Bekannten heraustreten, dass Verhaltensmuster der Vergangenheit kaum Rückschlüsse auf zukünftiges Verhalten zulassen. In solchen Phasen sind alle sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen gefordert, politische Prozesse aus einem breiten Fundus an Wissen und Erfahrungen heraus zu begleiten. Empirisch messbare Effekte einzelner Maßnahmen sind in solchen Umbruchzeiten nicht verfügbar. So verstanden könnten Überlegungen zur Rolle evidenzbasierter Politik generell und speziell zur Frage, wie Finanzmärkte zur Transformation von wirtschaftlichen Systemen beitragen, schnell enden.
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Coal Phase-out in Germany – Implications and Policies for Affected Regions
Pao-Yu Oei, Hauke Hermann, Philipp Herpich, Oliver Holtemöller, Benjamin Lünenbürger, Christoph Schult
Energy,
April
2020
Abstract
The present study examines the consequences of the planned coal phase-out in Germany according to various phase-out pathways that differ in the ordering of power plant closures. Soft-linking an energy system model with an input-output model and a regional macroeconomic model simulates the socio-economic effects of the phase-out in the lignite regions, as well as in the rest of Germany. The combination of two economic models offers the advantage of considering the phase-out from different perspectives and thus assessing the robustness of the results. The model results show that the lignite coal regions will exhibit losses in output, income and population, but a faster phase-out would lead to a quicker recovery. Migration to other areas in Germany and demographic changes will partially compensate for increasing unemployment, but support from federal policy is also necessary to support structural change in these regions.
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Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea
Hyung-Gon Jeong, Gerhard Heimpold
H.-G. Jeong and G. Heimpold (eds.): Economic Transition in Unified Germany and Implications for Korea. Policy References 17-13. Sejong: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy,
2017
Abstract
The reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the Cold War in the 20th century, is regarded as one of the most exemplary cases of social integration in human history. Nearly three decades after the German reunification, the economic and social shocks that occurred at the beginning of the reunification process have largely been resolved. Moreover, the unified Germany has grown into one of the most advanced economies in the world.
The unification process that Germany underwent may not necessarily be the way that the Republic of Korea would choose. However, the economic and social exchanges between East and West Germany prior to unification, and the cooperation in a myriad of policies based on these exchanges, served as the crucial foundation for unification. The case of Germany will surely help us find a better way for the re-unification of the Korean Peninsula.
In this context, this is the first edition of a joint research which provides diverse insights on social and economic issues during the process of unification. It consists of nine chapters whose main topics include policies on macroeconomic stabilization, the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, labor policies and the migration of labor, integration of the social safety nets of the North and South, and securing finances for reunification. To start with, the first part covers macroeconomic stabilization measures, which include policies implemented by the federal government of Germany to overcome macroeconomic shocks directly after the reunification. There was a temporary setback in the economy at the initial phase of reunification as the investment per GDP went down and the level of fiscal debt escalated, reverting to its original trend prior to the reunification. While it appears the momentum for growth was compromised by reunification from the perspective of growth rate of real GDP, this state did not last long and benefits have outpaced the costs since 2000.
In the section which examines the privatization of state-owned enterprises in East Germany, an analysis was conducted on the modernization of industrial infrastructure of East German firms. There was a surge in investment in East German area at the beginning stages but this was focused on a specific group of firms. Most of the firms were privatized through unofficial channels, with a third of these conducted in a management buy-out (MBO) process that was highly effective. Further analysis of a firm called Jenoptik, which was successfully bailed out, is incorporated as to draw implications of its accomplishments.
In the section on migration, we examine how the gap between the unemployment rates in the West and East have narrowed as the population flow shifted from the West to East. Consequently, there was no significant deviation in terms of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita in each state of East Germany. However, as the labor market stabilized in East Germany and population flows have weakened, the deviation will become larger. Meanwhile, if we make a prediction about the movement of population between the North and the South, which show a remarkable difference in their economic circumstances, a radical reunification process such as Germany’s case would force 7% of the population of the North to move towards the South. Upon reunification, the estimated unemployment rate in North Korea would remain at least 30% for the time being. In order to reduce the initial unemployment rate, it is crucial to design a program that trains the unemployed and to build a system that predicts changes in labor demand.
It seems nearly impossible to apply the social safety nets of the South to the North, as there is a systemic difference in ideologies. Taking steps toward integration would be the most suitable option in the case of the Koreas. We propose to build a sound groundwork for stabilizing the interest rates and exchange rates, maintain stable fiscal policies, raise momentum for economic growth and make sure people understand the means required to financially support the North in order to reduce the gap between the two.
This book was jointly organized and edited by Dr. Hyung-gon Jeong of the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) and Dr. Gerhard Heimpold of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). We believe that this report, which examines numerous social and economic agendas that emerged during the reunification of Germany, will provide truly important reference for both Koreas. It is also our view that it will serve as a stepping-stone to establish policies in regard to South-North exchanges across numerous sectors prior to discussions of reunification. KIEP will continue to work with IWH and contribute its expertise to the establishment of grounds for unification policies.
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Financial Constraints on Growth: Comparing the Balkans to Other Transition Economies
Hubert Gabrisch
Eastern European Economics,
No. 4,
2015
Abstract
This article applies an adjusted growth diagnostic approach to identify the currently most binding constraint on financing growth in the West Balkan countries. Since this group of economies faces both structural and systemic transformation problems, the original supply-side approach might not be sufficient to detect the most binding constraint. The results of the analysis indicate that the binding constraint on credit and investment growth in the region is the high and increasing share of nonperforming loans, primarily in the household sector, due to policy failures. This article compares the Balkan countries to a group of advanced transition economies. Single-country and panel regressions indicate that demand-side factors do not play a constraining role on growth in the West Balkan countries, but they do in the advanced transition economies.
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