Auf welche Frage sind zwei Billionen die Antwort?
Oliver Holtemöller, Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
Alle Jahre wieder wird berechnet, was wohl die Deutsche Einheit gekostet habe. Zuletzt veröffentlichte die Welt am Sonntag, dass knapp zwei Billionen Euro an Fördergeldern von West nach Ost geflossen seien. Die Berechnung dieser Kennzahl ist wenig umstritten, die Größenordnung ist einigermaßen plausibel: Es werden Nettotransfers von West nach Ost zwischen 1991 und 2013 aufsummiert (Zahlungen aus dem Länderfinanzausgleich, Solidarpakt II, Fonds Deutsche Einheit, regionaler Saldo der Sozialversicherungsleistungen usw.). Aber was bedeutet diese Zahl? Sind zwei Billionen Euro viel oder wenig in Relation zu dem damit Erreichten?
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International Side-payments to Improve Global Public Good Provision when Transfers are Refinanced through a Tax on Local and Global Externalities
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, A. Markandya, Dirk T. G. Rübbelke
International Economic Journal,
No. 1,
2014
Abstract
This paper discusses a tax-transfer scheme that aims to address the under-provision problem associated with the private supply of international public goods and to bring about Pareto optimal allocations internationally. In particular, we consider the example of the global public good ‘climate stabilization’, both in an analytical and a numerical simulation model. The proposed scheme levies Pigouvian taxes globally, while international side-payments are employed in order to provide incentives to individual countries for not taking a free-ride from the international Pigouvian tax scheme. The side-payments, in turn, are financed via environmental taxes. As a distinctive feature, we take into account ancillary benefits that may be associated with local public characteristics of climate policy. We determine the positive impact that ancillary effects may exert on the scope for financing side-payments via environmental taxation. A particular attractive feature of ancillary benefits is that they arise shortly after the implementation of climate policies and therefore yield an almost immediate payback of investments in abatement efforts. Especially in times of high public debt levels, long periods of amortization would tend to reduce political support for investments in climate policy.
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Transfer Payments without Growth: Evidence for German Regions, 1992–2005
Michael Koetter, Michael Wedow
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,
No. 4,
2013
Abstract
After German reunification, interregional subsidies accounted for approximately 4% of gross fixed capital investment in the new federal states (i.e. those which were formerly part of the German Democratic Republic). We show that, between 1992 and 2005, infrastructure and corporate investment subsidies had a negative net impact on regional economic growth and convergence. This result is robust to both the specification of spatially weighted control variables and the use of instrumental variable techniques to control for the endogeneity of subsidies. Our results suggest that regional redistribution was ineffective, potentially due to a lack of spatial concentration to create growth poles.
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The Ending of Solidarity Pact Payments: Are the “Neue Länder” Prepared Sufficiently?
Katja Wilde, Sabine Freye
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
Up to 2019, the “Neue Länder” in Germany are benefitting from financial transfer within the framework of the solidarity pact. From 2005 to 2007, the “Neue Länder” were able to improve they financial situation and used the solidarity pact payments efficiently. However, these payments are decreasing annually. This implies a significant financial reduction to the “Neue Länder’s” overall budgets and a considerable challenge for their future investments. This article analyses publications by the governments of the “Neue Länder” about their medium term budget planning and related progress reports from the year 2006. The consolidation of their budgets seems to be an essential aspect in the policy strategy of “Neue Länder” due to limited tax autonomy and legal restrictions on their expenditures. However, we identified several consolidation strategies with regard to infrastructural priorities, restructuring of administration, and creation of reserves. The public revenues of the “Neue Länder” are expected to decline in 2009 due to the current recession. In case that there are no fundamental changes in the underlying economic structures, the financial scope of the “Neue Länder” is going to be increasingly constrained, in particular with regard to future investments.
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Interregional equalization policy in focus: Donor regions and beneficiary regions and their economic performance
Gerhard Heimpold, Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
The future of the interregional equalization policy in Germany is discussed intensively at present. While in the past the interest of equalization policy was focussed primarily on the regions which benefit from interregional equalization policy (beneficiary regions) and the effects obtained there, recently the view is directed also toward the regions which bear the fiscal burden of the equalisation policy (donor regions). Concerning the donor regions, a fear of growth-absorbing withdrawal effects exists, which gives reason in view of declining economic growth rates on the national level to think about the future of interregional equalization policy. The IWH contributed to this debate together with two project partners by an investigation, which was accomplished on behalf of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning. The following findings will show the economic performance of the donor regions (exclusively West German regions) and of the beneficiary regions (all East German regions and a few West German regions) and their changing economic growth patterns. Concerning the level of economic performance, measured by means of the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, as expected, the donor regions, consisting of West German regions, in the period 1992-2003 altogether show an above average GDP per capita. In contrast, the beneficiary regions, both the East German and (less strongly) the West German show a GDP per capita below average. Concerning the development of the economic performance, which was measured on the basis of the relative GDP per capita (GDP per capita of the region concerned in relation to the national average), the East German beneficiary regions could catch up in the first period (1992-1998) strongly. This catching up process, however, clearly slowed down in the second period 1998-2003. Like a mirror-image the lead of the donor regions regarding GDP per capita in relation to the national average became smaller. But after 1998 many West German donor regions regained their growth dynamics. Additionally the contributions of the regions to the absolute increase of the GDP in the period 1998-2003 were investigated: 30 of 271 regions have a share of around 50% in the overall GDP increase, 28 of them located in West Germany, and 21 of them donor regions. This in mind, the policy should further provide and secure favourable development conditions for those regions, which contribute at most to the increase of the overall economic performance and thus create the economic base for the interregional equalization policy.
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Das Grundeinkommen - Potenziale und Grenzen eines Reformvorschlags
Ingmar Kumpmann
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 9,
2006
Abstract
Currently the idea of introducing a Basic Income is politically debated. A Basic Income is “an income paid by a political community to all its members, without means test or consideration” (Vanderborght/Van Parijs). It would replace the existing tax and welfare schemes which guarantee the subsistence levels for all individuals. The Basic Income would prevent poverty, simplify the tax and social security system and disburden labour from the costs of social security. It would put an end to the highly problematic governmental controls concerning the ability and willingness of the unemployed to work. The main challenges of the proposal are the difficulty of funding and the danger of reduced labour incentives, problems which limit the possibility for implementing the model.
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Benchmarking-Report Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -Öffentliche Aufgabenerfüllung im Ländervergleich-
Joachim Ragnitz, Helmut Seitz
One-off Publications,
No. 8,
2005
Abstract
Vor dem Hintergrund der gegenwärtig höchst angespannten Haushaltslage und den sich langfristig aus der Rückführung der Osttransfers und dem demographischen Wandel ergebenden Anpassungsproblemen untersucht dieser Bericht den finanzpolitischen Handlungsbedarf des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und seiner Gemeinden. Das hierbei verwendete methodische Instrument ist ein „Benchmarking-Ansatz“, bei dem mit Hilfe von Vergleichsdaten Auffälligkeiten bei den Einnahmen, den Ausgaben und beim Personalbesatz untersucht werden. Als Vergleichsmaßstab wird der Durchschnitt der finanzschwachen Westflächenländer (FFW), bestehend aus den Ländern Nieder-sachsen (NI), Rheinland-Pfalz (RP), Saarland (SL) und Schleswig-Holstein (SH) sowie – um Ostaspekte adäquat zu berücksichtigen – der Freistaat Sachsen (SN) herangezogen.
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Solidarity Pact II: adjustments required
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 14,
2004
Abstract
Auch im Jahre 2003 ist es den ostdeutschen Ländern nicht gelungen, die Vorgaben des Solidarpaktes einzuhalten, nach denen die vom Bund zur Verfügung gestellten Sonderbedarfs-Bundesergänzungszuweisungen für Investitionen bzw. zum Ausgleich der unterproportionalen kommunalen Finanzkraft zu verwenden sind. Neben von den Ländern nicht zu vertretenden Faktoren (konjunkturbedingte Einnahmeausfälle, Politikfehler der Vergangenheit) spiegelt sich hierin auch wider, dass eine ausgabenseitige Konsolidierung bislang nicht gelungen ist. Inzwischen ist die finanzwirtschaftliche Situation der ostdeutschen Flächenländer mit Ausnahme Sachsens so angespannt, dass eine Erfüllung der Solidarpakt-Vorgaben in absehbarer Zeit kaum möglich erscheint. Allerdings weisen die Regelungen des Solidarpaktes II eine Reihe von Schwächen auf, so insbesondere, dass die Beschränkung der Mittelverwendung auf Investitionen im Sinne der traditionellen Haushaltssystematik nicht länger zeitgemäß erscheint. Es wird daher für eine Neudefinition der „aufbaugerechten Verwendung“ der SoBEZ plädiert. Auch dies ändert aber nichts daran, dass die ostdeutschen Länder und Gemeinden ihre ausgabenseitige Konsolidierungspolitik fortsetzen müssen, um eine Haushaltsnotlagensituation zu vermeiden.
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Hartz IV: 1-Euro-Jobs setzen falsche Anreize
Herbert Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2004
Abstract
The paper analyzes the different incentives due to different possibilities of additional earnings to the receipt of unemployment benefits. Long term unemployed people may earn additional income due to a regular occupation in the first labor market or due to social work. In the latter case people receive a expense allowance which they are allowed to hold for the full amount. Contrary to this income earned in a regular job is partly reduced (by 85 % for the first 400 Euro, e.g.) which might make working in the social or common sector more attractive than working in the first labor market. Secondly, given the unemployment benefits and the additional amount of earnings it might be more attractive with respect to total income than the income earned in the low wage sector of the economy. This might imply a negative incentive for those who are working in a low wage sector.
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Transfers to the new Länder - a definition
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2004
Abstract
Der SPIEGEL hat unlängst die Öffentlichkeit mit der Meldung aufgeschreckt, 1 250 Mrd. Euro Aufbaugelder seien in den neuen Bundesländern weitgehend wirkungslos verschwendet worden. Aufgeschreckt wurde damit nicht nur die (westdeutsche) Öffentlichkeit, die damit erneut Bestätigung für das seit langem gepflegte Vorurteil fand, der Osten Deutschlands sei ein Fass ohne Boden; aufgeschreckt wurden damit auch die ostdeutschen Landesregierungen, die darauf verweisen, dass die tatsächlichen Aufbauleistungen des Westens für den Osten weitaus geringer seien als die genannte Summe. Um die Diskussion zu versachlichen, scheint es an der Zeit, einmal näher zu bestimmen, worum es sich bei diesen Transfers wirklich handelt.
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