IWH Economic Outlook 2003: Waiting for the Upswing in Germany - Waiting for Godot?
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2003
Abstract
The outlook forecasts the economic developments in the world, the Euro Area and Germany in 2003. A general tendency is given for 2004. The world economy and the US-economy are recovering in 2003 and so are providing positive impulses for the Euro Area. For Germany this impetus from abroad will most likely remain the sole driving force for the revival of economic activity in 2003. Still this external stimulus will not be able to develop its full strength, as the newly restrictive fiscal policy will lower disposable income. At the earliest the economic upturn will gain strength in the summer months. This results in an initially increased burden on the labour market and only in 2004 will a decline in unemployment be observable, albeit at a slow pace. In economic terms, the recent interest rate cut by the ECB should only be able to show modest effects. Fiscal Policy in 2003 will be distinctly restrictive.
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Wage Increases are no “Productivity Whip“: An Analysis of the East German Manufacturing Sector
Harald Lehmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2003
Abstract
In this paper the results of a microeconomic approach will be analysed. The study consists of the purposition that there could be an onesided relation between the increase in the wage rate and the time-laged increase of productivity. This is of special relevancy for a transforming economy like the east german one. The sample contains firm data of the east german manufacturing sector. The findings are that there is not such a presumed relation. Instead of this you can find a negative relation between changes in wage rate and productivity. This is only valid for a subgroup of firms with rising unit labor costs in the past. These firms deteriorate in contrast to the other firms.
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Incentive effects of social welfare payments on the supply of low-paid labor
Hilmar Schneider, Cornelia Lang, Wolfram Kempe, Jürgen Kolb, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Schriften des IWH,
No. 12,
2002
Abstract
Im September 2000 hat das Bundesministerium der Finanzen dem IWH den Auftrag erteilt, eine Studie unter dem Titel "Zu den Anreizwirkungen der Sozialhilfe - Das Angebotsverhalten arbeitsfähiger Sozialhilfeempfänger" zu erstellen. Die Ausgangshypothese bestand darin, dass das gegenwärtige Transfersystem Fehlanreize im Hinblick auf die Erwerbsbereitschaft von arbeitsfähigen Sozialhilfeempfängern setzt. Für Personen, deren am Markt erzielbarer Lohn nicht hinreichend weit über dem Sozialhilfeanspruch liegt, ist die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit relativ unattraktiv. Für diesen Personenkreis steigt das verfügbare Einkommen durch Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit nur unwesentlich an, da das Erwerbseinkommen fast vollständig auf die Sozialhilfe angerechnet wird. Davon betroffen sind vor allem gering Qualifizierte, aber auch Ältere. Daraus resultiert zum einen ein starker Anreiz zur Schwarzarbeit. Zum anderen dürfte in den angesprochenen Fehlanreizen eine der Hauptursachen der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit zu suchen sein. Wer keine anderen Jobangebote erhält als solche, die gemessen an der Alternative des Transferbezugs unattraktiv erscheinen, und wer diese deshalb ausschlägt, gerät in einen schleichenden Prozess der Entwöhnung von Erwerbsarbeit. Früher oder später stellen sich die bekannten negativen Begleiterscheinungen ein: psychische Verletzungen, Verlust von Selbstwertgefühl und der Fähigkeit zur Selbstorganisation, Alkoholkonsum und dergleichen. Was an Arbeitsfähigkeit am Beginn eines solchen Prozesses noch vorhanden war, schwindet mit zunehmender Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit.
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Economic Development 2002 and 2003: Investments – The Achilles Heel of the Economy
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2002
Abstract
The Article analyses and forecasts the economic developments for the World and German in 2002 and 2003. During the winter 2001/2002 the World Economy was able to pull out of its trough. Nonetheless, the upswing did not reach investments and was mainly driven by consumption and exports in the USA and the remaining major economies, respectively. In the course of this and next year Investors will gradually regain their trust in the economy. The same will be the case for consumers in Germany and Europe. As a result a modest recovery on a wide front will develop. In the course of next year this recovery will start to weaken. In Germany, Wage Policy has retracted from its former moderate stance. Hence, although due to the improving economic conditions and the resulting slowed employment cuts by the end of 2002 as well as employment increases in 2003, the upswing on the labour market will not reach the dynamics of the 1999/2000 recovery. Fiscal Policy, caused by the need to consolidate the public budget, will be restrictive. Despite the low inflation risks, by the end of this year the ECB will have raised its major interest rate by 1/2 percentage point. Nonetheless, as interest rates in real terms will remain at relatively low levels a restrictive impact from the Monetary Policy in Germany and the Euro Area will is not expected. The most important Data for the World Economy and Germany are being stated in detailed tables.
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Prospects for 2002: Waiting for the cyclical change
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2002
Abstract
This article updates the complete analysis and forecast of the economic developments in the World and Germany in particular for 2002, as published in Summer. After six quarters of downturn, the beginning of 2002 does not show signs of a revival in economic activity. Neither internal nor external forces are currently strong enough to reverse the underlying downward trend. It is assumed that by spring time the recession in the USA will have faded. Resulting is a stimulus for the World Economy. This initiating impulse will revive production in Germany and the Euro Area, which by the second half of 2002 will gain pace. The increase in exports, as induced by the upturn in the US-Economy will positively affect domestic demand. With the usual time lag this development will also strengthen the job market. Monetary Policy will remain expansive and begins to show its full effect. Fiscal Policy, on the other hand, due to the need for consolidation, will remain restrictive.
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Wage and income subsidies for recipients of public and unemployment assistance
Wolfram Kempe, Hilmar Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2001
Abstract
In dieser Arbeit, die auf einem Kapitel eines Gutachtens für das Bundesministerium der Finanzen zu den Anreizwirkungen der Sozialhilfe beruht, werden drei Kombilohnstrategien mit einer engen Zielgruppenbindung hinsichtlich ihrer Effekte bezüglich Erwerbsbereitschaft und fiskalischen Folgen für Ost- und Westdeutschland untersucht. Die Arbeitsangebotsentscheidung wird dabei unter Berücksichtigung des Haushaltskontextes im Rahmen eines mikroökonometrischen Conditional-Logit-Modells erfasst. Die Bereitschaft zur Aufnahme einer Erwerbsarbeit steigt tatsächlich, unterscheidet sich je nach Reformkonzept, Region, Geschlecht und Haushaltskontext aber beträchtlich. Die enge Zielgruppenbeschränkung auf Sozialtransferbezieher hat zur Folge, dass bei Erwerbsaufnahme trotz Subvention ein Teil der Transferzahlungen durch eigenes Einkommen ersetzt wird und die gesamtfiskalische Belastung des Staates damit zurückgeht.
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Discrimination of combination wage recipients by municipal labor market policy
Cornelia Lang, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Hilmar Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
2001
Abstract
Die Funktion der sozialen Grundsicherung wird in Deutschland durch die Sozialhilfe und die Arbeitslosenhilfe abgedeckt. Während jedoch die Finanzierung der Arbeitslosenhilfe durch den Bund erfolgt, obliegt die Finanzierung der Sozialhilfe den Kommunen. Dieser Dualismus führt mutmaßlich zur Benachteiligung sogenannter Kombihilfeempfänger im Hinblick auf deren Wiedereingliederung in den Arbeitsmarkt durch Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Kombihilfeempfänger sind Personen, deren staatlich garantiertes Mindesteinkommen sowohl aus Sozialhilfe als auch aus Arbeitslosenunterstützung besteht. Ihr Einkommensanspruch ist zwar nicht höher als der von reinen Sozialhilfeempfängern, doch die zwischen Bund und Kommunen geteilte Zuständigkeit für dessen Finanzierung erzeugt Anreize zur gegenseitigen Lastenverschiebung....
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Germany: Cyclical Improvement not Until the End of the Year
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2001
Abstract
During the second quarter of 2001 German overall production stagnated. Weak global development muddied the economic prospects of firms and prevented them from rising their output and their investment activities. In 2001 gross national product will only increase by 1%; the number of unemployed will be higher than expected. Nevertheless, we advise against an increase in public expenditure that aims at stimulating the economy. Anyhow, growing public deficits, caused by cyclical movements, should be accepted. In order to increase employment labour market reforms become more urgent.
In East Germany, currently even a decline in gross national product cannot be excluded. After the first period of restructuring, which has been accompanied by structural problems, cyclical movements become more important. In addition, economic stagnation burdens labour markets. Nonetheless trying to stimulate the East German economy by government spending programmes does not seem to be a viable strategy. From the cyclical point of view they are not very efficient and concerning structural problems they are no solution.
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Municipal labor market policy - Marshalling yard or escape from public assistance dependency?
Hilmar Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2001
Abstract
Due to an increasing fiscal burden by welfare payments, municipalities tend
more and more to initiate employment and training programs under their own
responsibility besides the Federal Labor Agency. However, critics object
that this might predominantly be viewed as an attempt to shift fiscal
burdens to the Federal Labor Agency rather than a policy option towards
labor market integration of low-wage workers. In order to investigate this
issue, the IWH carried out a country-wide survey within twelve
municipalities and rural districts. The sample comprises 200 employable
welfare recipients, among them participants of labor market programs as well
as a reference group of non-participants. The results of the IWH welfare
survey are at best suggesting a moderate success of program participation
with regard to labor market integration. Nevertheless, the programs appear
to be profitable for municipalities, since they succeed in bringing
participants out of welfare dependency. In many cases, however, welfare is
replaced by unemployment support, which means that only the fiscal
responsibility changes. A shortcoming of the results has to be seen in the
fact that municipalities tend to assign especially those people for program
participation, who are already better fitting into requirements of the labor
market. This seriously impairs the comparability of participants and
non-participants. In view of the remarkable amount of expenditures it seems
therefore advisable to put more attention on the effectiveness of the
programs than has been done in the past. This could be achieved by a
stronger orientation towards an experimental design of assignment for
program participation.
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Business cycle in Germany: Bottom phase almost completed
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2001
Abstract
In the report, the economic situation in Germany and in the Eurozone in the current year 2001 and in the following year 2002 is analyzed and forecasted in detail. Due to the unfavorable global economic situation and the unexpectedly high inflation, GDP growth has been slowing down in Germany in the year 2001. In 2002, growth will regain momentum. In the remaining course of this year, inflation will abate, thus allowing the European Central Bank leeway for an ease in monetary policy, provided wage increases remain moderate. Due to the cyclically lower revenues and higher expenditures, the public deficit will be temporarily higher than projected in the Stability Program. This should not be counteracted so as not to further endanger economic growth. The main National Accounts data for Germany are summarized in a detailed table in the appendix.
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