Exchange Rates and FDI: Goods versus Capital Market Frictions
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert
World Economy,
forthcoming
Abstract
Changes in exchange rates affect countries through their impact on cross-border activities such as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). With increasing activities of multinational firms, the FDI channel is likely to gain in importance. Economic theory provides two main explanations why changes in exchange rates can affect FDI. According to the first explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if there are information frictions on capital markets and if investment depends on firms’ net worth (capital market friction hypothesis). According to the second explanation, FDI reacts to exchange rate changes if output and factor markets are segmented, and if firm-specific assets are important (goods market friction hypothesis). We provide a unified theoretical framework of these two explanations. We analyse the implications of the model empirically using a dataset based on detailed German firm-level data. We find greater support for the goods market than for the capital market friction hypothesis.
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The Changing Role of the Exchange Rate in a Globalised Economy
Irina Bunda, Filippo di Mauro, Rasmus Rüffer
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
No. 94,
2008
Abstract
In addition to its direct effects on the global trading and production structure, the ongoing process of globalisation may have important implications for the interaction of exchange rates and the overall economy. This paper presents evidence regarding possible changes in the role of exchange rates in a more globalised economy. First, it analyses the link between exchange rates and prices, showing that there is at most a moderate decline in exchange rate pass-through for the euro area. Next, it turns to the effect of exchange rate changes on trade flows. The findings indicate that the responsiveness of euro area exports to exchange rate changes may have declined somewhat as a result of globalisation, reflecting mainly shifts in the geographical and sectoral composition of trade flows. The paper also provides a firm-level analysis of the impact of exchange rate changes on corporate profits, which suggests that overall this relationship appears to be relatively stable over time, although there are important cross-country differences. In addition, it studies the overall impact of exchange rates on GDP and the potential role of valuation effects as a transmission channel in the case of the euro area. JEL Classification: E3, F15, F31
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The relationship between unemployment and output in post-communist countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
Post-Communist Economies,
2006
Abstract
Unemployment is still disappointingly high in most Central and East European countries, and might be a reflection of the ongoing adjustment to institutional shocks resulting from systemic transition, or it may be caused by high labour market rigidity, or aggregate demand that is too weak. In this paper we have investigated the dynamics of unemployment and output in those eight post-communist countries, which entered the EU in 2004. We used a model related to Okun’s Law; i.e. the first differences in unemployment rates were regressed on GDP growth rates. We estimated country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS) and applied a few tests to the data and regression results. We assume transition of labour markets to be accomplished when a robust relationship exists between unemployment rate changes and GDP growth. Moreover, the estimated coefficients contain information about labour market rigidity and unemployment thresholds of output growth. Our results suggest that the transition of labour markets can be regarded as completed since unemployment responds to output changes and not to a changing institutional environment that destroys jobs in the state sector. The regression coefficients have demonstrated that a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth have been occurring since 1998. Therefore, we conclude that labour market rigidities do not play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. However, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress and the employment-relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce the high level of unemployment substantially.
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Are Botswana and Mozambique ready for CMA enlargement?
Tobias Knedlik
Botswana Journal of Economics,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
The paper elaborates on the appropriateness of a potentially enlarged Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa including Botswana and Mozambique. The theory of optimum currency areas including some extensions by accounting for costs of non-integration and considering the external relations of currency areas are presented. Various indicators such as the structure of the economies, interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, factor mobility and trading partners are observed empirically. The paper concludes that current changes in the exchange rate policy of Botswana are expected to lead to increasing, though already high, convergence with CMA countries. Botswana is therefore an appropriate candidate for CMA enlargement. Mozambique is converging towards South Africa but still remains on a lower level. Taking into account the costs of non-integration, however, the target of integration should be formulated for the medium term.
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Original Sin - Analysing Its Mechanics and a proposed Remedy in a Simple Macroeconomic Model
Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
This paper analyses the problem of “original sin“ (the fact that the currency of an emerging market economy usually cannot be used to borrow abroad) in a simple thirdgeneration model of currency crises. The approach differs from alternative frameworks by explicitly modeling the price setting behavior of firms if prices are sticky and the future exchange rate is uncertain. Monetary policy optimally trades off effects on price competitiveness and on debt burdens of firms. It is shown that the proposal by Eichengreen and Hausmann of creating an artificial basket currency as denominator of debt is attractive as a provision against contagion.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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Business Cycles and FDI: Evidence from German Sectoral Data
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
Review of World Economics,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
Globalization has affected business cycle developments in OECD countries and has increased activities of firms across national borders. This paper analyzes whether these two developments are linked. We use a new firm-level data set on the foreign activities of German firms to test whether foreign activities are affected by business cycle developments. We aggregate the data by the sector of the reporting firm, the sector of the foreign affiliate, and the host country. Data are annual and cover the period 1989–2002. We find that German outward FDI increases in response to positive cyclical developments abroad and in response to a real depreciation of the domestic currency.
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The unemployment-growth relationship in transition countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Does the disappointingly high unemployment in Central and East European countries reflect non-completed adjustment to institutional shocks from transition to a market economy, or is it the result of high labour market rigidities, or rather a syndrome of too weak aggregate demand and output? In the case of transitional causes, unemployment is expected to decline over time. Otherwise, it would pose a challenge to the European Union, particular in case of accession countries, for it jeopardizes the ambitious integration plans of, and may trigger excessive migration to the Union. In order to find out which hypothesis holds 15 years after transition has started, we analyze the unemploymentgrowth dynamics in the eight new member countries from Central-Eastern Europe. The study is based on country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS). The results suggest to declare the transition of labour markets as completed; unemployment responds to output and not to a changing institutional environment for job creation. The regression coefficients report a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth since 1998. The conclusion is that labour market rigidities do not to play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. Rather, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress, while the employment relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce substantially the high level of unemployment.
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First effects of the accession of the new EU members are mainly of monetary nature - problems for Poland
Hubert Gabrisch, Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
Im ersten Jahr ihrer Mitgliedschaft in der Europäischen Union kam es zu starken Nettokapitalzuflüssen in die neuen Mitgliedsländer Mittelosteuropas. Allein die Portfolioinvestitionen nahmen um 18 Mrd. USDollar zu, während sich der Zustrom an Direktinvestitionen verlangsamte. Die Folge der Zuflüsse war eine nominale und reale Aufwertung der Währungen, eine Inflationierung der Vermögenswerte und eine weitere Verschlechterung der Leistungsbilanzen. Die Anforderungen an die Zentralbanken, die Kapitalzuflüsse in ihrer Wirkung auf die Preisstabilität zu neutralisieren und einigermaßen Wechselkursstabilität zu sichern, nahmen zu, führten jedoch zu unterschiedlichen Reaktionen. Während die meisten Zentralbanken Zinssenkungen präferierten, erhöhte die polnische Nationalbank die Zinsen, was weitere Kapitalzuflüsse vor allem im kurzfristigen Bereich nach sich ziehen dürfte. In Kombination mit einem instabilen makroökonomischen Umfeld zeigt der Test mit dem IWH-Indikator für Polen einen beträchtlichen Anstieg des Potenzials für eine Finanzkrise. Trotz der problematischen monetären Effekte blieb das Wachstum von Produktion und Einkommen hoch. Die Wachstumsrate des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts der Beitrittsregion nahm auf 5% zu, und die Arbeitslosigkeit ging etwas zurück. Ein noch stärkeres Wachstum wiesen die übrigen Länder Mittel- und Osteuropas auf. Ausschlaggebend für die positive realwirtschaftliche Entwicklung war die Binnennachfrage, und hier vor allem privater Konsum und Investitionen. Zwar nahmen auch die Exporte deutlich zu. Dabei spielte aber die Belebung der Weltwirtschaft die entscheidende Rolle. Bei ebenfalls steigenden Importen verbesserten sich die Handelsbilanzen nur unwesentlich, im Handel der neuen Mitgliedsländer mit der EU verschlechterten sie sich sogar beträchtlich. Die Inflationsrate – gemessen am Konsumgüterpreisindex – nahm zu, wofür auch Sondereffekte aus dem EU-Beitritt verantwortlich waren. Für das laufende und das kommende Jahr ist eine Zunahme der Nettokapitalzuflüsse und eine weitere Aufwertung der Währungen zu erwarten. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukts in der Beitrittsregion wird sich im laufenden Jahr auf 4,6% abschwächen. Ausschlaggebend dafür ist vor allem die Abschwächung der Wirtschaftsleistung in Polen, bei der die Aufwertung der Währung den Außenbeitrag verringern wird. Für das Jahr 2006 ist mit einem Wachstums in der Region von 5% zu rechnen. Unter Einbeziehung der Beitrittskandidaten und der Nicht-Mitglieder wird sich das hohe Wachstum des BIP von 6,7% im vergangenen Jahr auf 6,0% im laufenden Jahr und 5,8% im nächsten Jahr abschwächen. Generell gilt, dass die Arbeitslosenquoten in der Region deutlich abnehmen werden.
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Hungary: No soft landing in the European exchange rate mechanism
Ibolya Mile
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
Ungarn ist das einzige EU-Beitrittsland, das, und zwar seit Oktober 2001, ein Wechselkursband besitzt, das dem Wechselkursmechanismus des Europäischen Währungssystems formal entspricht. Damit soll nach dem Beitritt zur EU ein möglichst reibungsloser Übergang, d. h. eine „weiche Landung“ in den europäischen Wechselkursmechanismus vorbereitet werden. Bei der Einführung des Bandes lag jedoch die Inflationsrate weit über dem Maß, das mit einer festen Parität gegenüber dem Euro auf mittlere Frist vereinbar gewesen wäre. Zudem hat die Zentralbank seit Ende 2002 Schwierigkeiten, den Wechselkurs innerhalb des Bandes zu stabilisieren. Die ergriffenen Maßnahmen umfassten Interventionen auf dem Devisenmarkt, Zinsanpassungen und eine Korrektur der Zentral-parität. Darin zeigt sich eine Anfälligkeit der Strategie einer „weichen Landung“ gegenüber internationalen Kapitalströmen, wenn eine Koordinierung der Geld- und Finanzpolitik fehlt, der Staatshaushalt aus dem Ruder läuft (5,6% Defizit am BIP 2003) und das Leistungsbilanzdefizit zunimmt (auf 6,6% des BIP). Eine Änderung des Wechselkurssystems oder erneute Korrekturen der Parität so kurz vor einem Beitritt zur EU sind jedoch nicht zu empfehlen. Sie könnten die Glaubwürdigkeit der Nationalbank weiter unterminieren. Eine möglichst sofortige und gleichzeitig erfolgreiche Teilnahme am Wechselkursmechanismus erfordert deshalb Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der hohen Defizite im Staatshaushalt und in der Leistungsbilanz.
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