Seit der Überwindung der Wirtschaftskrise hat sich die wirtschaftliche Lage der Betriebe in West- und Ostdeutschland gleichermaßen verbessert. Gleichzeitig ist weiterhin ein positiver Beschäftigungstrend zu beobachten, der sich jedoch gegenüber dem Vorjahr etwas abgeschwächt hat. Der Fachkräftebedarf erreichte mit 2,7 Millionen Personen im Jahr 2018 einen neuen Höchststand. Nur noch etwa 60 Prozent des Bedarfs konnte gedeckt werden, was sich auch in einem erneuten Anstieg der Nichtbesetzungsquote äußert. Hinsichtlich der Verteilung dieses Indikators für Fachkräfteengpässe zeigen sich deutliche branchen- und größenspezifische Unterschiede in den Betrieben wie auch regionale Heterogenität. Mit mehr als der Hälfte unbesetzter Stellen ist im Baugewerbe und in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft der Fachkräfteengpass besonders akut. In einer multivariaten Analyse wird festgestellt, dass ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Fachkräfteengpässen und dem Einsatz von Leiharbeit, Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung sowie der Aus- oder Weiterbildungsbeteiligung eines Betriebes besteht. Die Tätigkeitsstruktur der Betriebe hat sich hinsichtlich formaler Qualifikationsanforderungen an die Beschäftigten in den vergangenen Jahren kaum verändert. Dagegen lässt sich ein deutlicher Trend zur Flexibilisierung der Arbeitsorganisation beobachten. So bieten etwa ein Viertel der Betriebe ihren Beschäftigten die Möglichkeit mobilen Arbeitens. Auch der Anteil der Teilzeitbeschäftigung nimmt bundesweit zu, insbesondere in Sektoren mit höherem Frauenanteil. Der Anteil geringfügiger Beschäftigung ist besonders hoch in Branchen, die eher unspezifische Qualifikationen erfordern oder stärker durch konjunkturelle und/oder saisonale Schwankungen gekennzeichnet sind – und in denen überdurchschnittliche Fachkräfteengpässe zu verzeichnen sind. Der Anteil ausbildungsberechtigter Betriebe ist im Jahr 2018 erstmals seit 2010 wieder gestiegen – in Gesamtdeutschland auf 54 Prozent. In Ostdeutschland liegt der Anteil mit 49 Prozent deutlich darunter. Unter den berechtigten Betrieben liegt die Ausbildungsbeteiligung seit mehreren Jahren relativ stabil bei etwa der Hälfte. Sowohl erfolgreich besetzte Ausbildungsplätze wie auch unbesetzte Ausbildungsstellen verteilen sich sehr heterogen auf die verschiedenen Branchen. Die Übernahmequote erfolgreicher Ausbildungsabsolventen liegt bei knapp drei Viertel. In Betrieben mit Fachkräfteengpass ist sowohl die Ausbildungsbeteiligung als auch die Übernahmequote höher, was darauf schließen lässt, dass hier die Berufsausbildung schon verstärkt zur Fachkräfterekrutierung eingesetzt wird. Hinsichtlich der Weiterbildungsbeteiligung lässt sich feststellen, dass unverändert etwa die Hälfte aller Betriebe sich an der Weiterbildung ihrer Beschäftigten beteiligt. Die Weiterbildungsquote der Beschäftigten liegt bei etwa einem Drittel, in Ostdeutschland etwas höher. Die vergleichsweise höhere Weiterbildungsquote von Beschäftigten auf Einfacharbeitsplätzen in Betrieben mit Fachkräfteengpass deutet darauf hin, dass hier gezielt interne Ressourcen zur Deckung des Fachkräftebedarfs genutzt werden.

The dispersion of individual returns to experience, often referred to as heterogeneity of income profiles (HIP), is a key parameter in empirical human capital models, in studies of life‐cycle income inequality, and in heterogeneous agent models of life‐cycle labor market dynamics. It is commonly estimated from age variation in the covariance structure of earnings. In this study, I show that this approach is invalid and tends to deliver estimates of HIP that are biased upward. The reason is that any age variation in covariance structures can be rationalized by age‐dependent heteroscedasticity in the distribution of earnings shocks. Once one models such age effects flexibly the remaining identifying variation for HIP is the shape of the tails of lag profiles. Credible estimation of HIP thus imposes strong demands on the data since one requires many earnings observations per individual and a low rate of sample attrition. To investigate empirically whether the bias in estimates of HIP from omitting age effects is quantitatively important, I thus rely on administrative data from Germany on quarterly earnings that follow workers from labor market entry until 27 years into their career. To strengthen external validity, I focus my analysis on an education group that displays a covariance structure with qualitatively similar properties like its North American counterpart. I find that a HIP model with age effects in transitory, persistent and permanent shocks fits the covariance structure almost perfectly and delivers small and insignificant estimates for the HIP component. In sharp contrast, once I estimate a standard HIP model without age‐effects the estimated slope heterogeneity increases by a factor of thirteen and becomes highly significant, with a dramatic deterioration of model fit. I reach the same conclusions from estimating the two models on a different covariance structure and from conducting a Monte Carlo analysis, suggesting that my quantitative results are not an artifact of one particular sample.

We employ a unique identification strategy linking survey data on household consumption expenditure to bank-level data to estimate the effects of bank funding stress on consumer credit and consumption expenditures. We show that households whose banks were more exposed to funding shocks report lower levels of nonmortgage liabilities. This, however, only translates into lower levels of consumption for low income households. Hence, adverse credit supply shocks are associated with significant heterogeneous effects.

Using firm-level data between 2004 and 2012 for eleven countries of the European Union (EU), we document the size of product and labour market imperfections within narrowly defined sectors including services which are virtually undocumented. Our findings suggest that perfect competition in both product and labour markets is widely rejected. Levels of the price-cost margin and union bargaining power tend to be higher in some service sectors depicting however substantial heterogeneity. Dispersion within sector and across countries tends to be higher in some services sectors assuming a less tradable nature which suggests that the Single Market integration is partial particularly relaxing the assumption of perfect competition in the labour market. We report also figures for the aggregate economy and show that Eastern countries tend to depict lower product and labour market imperfections compared to other countries in the EU. Also, we provide evidence in favour of a very limited adjustment of both product and labour market imperfections following the international and financial crisis.

This paper focuses on the effect of uncertainty as reflected by financial market variables on subjective well-being. The analysis is based on Eurobarometer surveys, covering 18 countries over the period 2000–2013. Individuals report lower levels of life satisfaction in times of higher uncertainty approximated by stock market volatility. This effect is heterogeneous across respondents: the probability of being unsatisfied is higher for respondents who are older, unemployed, less educated, and live in one of the GIIPS countries of the Euro area. Furthermore, higher uncertainty in combination with a financial crisis increases the probability of reporting low values of life satisfaction.

We investigate how adopting the euro affects exports using firm-level data from Slovakia and Estonia. In contrast to previous studies, we focus on countries that adopted the euro individually and had different exchange rate regimes prior to doing so. Following the New Trade Theory we consider three types of adjustment: firm selection, changes in product varieties and changes in the average value of the exports that compose the exports of individual firms. The euro effect is identified by a difference in differences analysis comparing exports by firms to the euro area countries with exports to the EU countries that are not members of the euro area. The results highlight the importance of the transaction costs channel related to exchange rate volatility. We find the euro has a strong pro-trade effect in Slovakia, which switched to the euro from a floating exchange rate, while it has almost no effect in Estonia, which had a fixed exchange rate to the euro prior to the euro changeover. Our findings indicate that the euro effect manifested itself mainly through the intensive margin and that the gains from trade were heterogeneous across firm characteristics.

Theoretically, bank‘s loan monitoring activity hinges critically on its capitalisation. To proxy for monitoring intensity, we use changes in borrowers‘ investment following loan covenant violations, when creditors can intervene in the governance of the firm. Exploiting granular bank-firm relationships observed in the syndicated loan market, we document substantial heterogeneity in monitoring across banks and through time. Better capitalised banks are more lenient monitors that intervene less with covenant violators. Importantly, this hands-off approach is associated with improved borrowers‘ performance. Beyond enhancing financial resilience, regulation that requires banks to hold more capital may thus also mitigate the tightening of credit terms when firms experience shocks.

I develop a theoretical model to investigate the effect of simultaneous regulation with a leverage ratio and a risk-weighted ratio on banks‘ risk taking and banking market structure. I extend a portfolio choice model by adding heterogeneity in productivity among banks. Regulators face a trade-off between the efficient allocation of resources and financial stability. In an oligopolistic market, risk-weighted requirements incentivise banks with high productivity to lend to low-risk firms. When a leverage ratio is introduced, these banks lose market shares to less productive competitors and react with risk-shifting into high-risk loans. While average productivity in the low-risk market falls, market shares in the high-risk market are dispersed across new entrants with high as well as low productivity.

We build a tractable growth model in which multiproduct incumbents invest in internal innovations to improve their existing products, while new entrants and incumbents invest in external innovations to acquire new product lines. External and internal innovations generate heterogeneous innovation qualities, and firm size affects innovation incentives. We analyze how different types of innovation contribute to economic growth and the role of the firm size distribution. Our model aligns with many observed empirical regularities, and we quantify our framework with Census Bureau and patent data for US firms. Internal innovation scales moderately faster with firm size than external innovation.

We study the importance of teacher subject knowledge for student performance in Sub-Saharan Africa using unique international assessment data for sixth-grade students and their teachers. To circumvent bias due to unobserved student heterogeneity, we exploit variation within students across math and reading. Teacher subject knowledge has a modest impact on student performance. Exploiting vast cross-country differences in economic development, we find that teacher knowledge is effective only in more developed African countries. Results are robust to adding teacher fixed effects and accounting for potential sorting based on subject-specific factors.