A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Conditions of Knowledge Transfer by New Employees in Companies
Sidonia vonLedebur
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
The availability of knowledge is an essential factor for an economy in global competition. Companies realise innovations by creating and implementing new knowledge. Sources of innovative ideas are partners in the production network but also new employees coming from another company or academia. Based on a model by HECKATHORN (1996) the conditions of efficient knowledge transfer in a team are analysed. Offering knowledge to a colleague can not be controlled directly by the company due to information asymmetries. Thus the management has to provide incentives which motivate the employees to act in favour of the company by providing their knowledge to the rest of the team and likewise to learn from colleagues. The game theoretic analysis aims at investigating how to arrange these incentives efficiently. Several factors are relevant, especially the individual costs of participating in the transfer. These consist mainly of the existing absorptive capacity and the working atmosphere. The model is a 2x2 game but is at least partly generalised on more players. The relevance of the adequate team size is shown: more developers may increase the total profit of an innovation
(before paying the involved people) but when additional wages are paid to each person a greater team decreases the remaining company profit. A further result is
that depending on the cost structure perfect knowledge transfer is not always best for the profit of the company. These formal results are consistent with empirical studies to the absorptive capacity and the working atmosphere.
Read article
A Concept of Incentive Ethics for the Enhancement of the Social Financial Security According to Hartz IV
Joachim Wilde
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
Die Reformdiskussion für die soziale Grundsicherung für Erwerbsfähige konzentriert sich in der Regel auf eine Verbesserung der finanziellen Anreize zur Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit und auf Maßnahmen des “workfare“. Das vorliegende Papier verbreitert die Diskussion mit Hilfe eines Konzepts der Anreizethik. Dabei wird gezeigt, wie durch die Allokation sogenannter moralischer Güter durch die Mitarbeiter der Grundsicherungsbehörden zur Überwindung der Abhängigkeit von sozialer Grundsicherung angereizt werden kann. Das Konzept wird zunächst zur Bewertung der Hartz IV Reform genutzt. Es zeigt sich, dass diese teilweise zu einer Verschlechterung der Anreizstrukturen beiträgt. Der Artikel schließt mit Anregungen zur Beseitigung der aufgedeckten Mängel und mit einem Reformvorschlag im Sinne des anreizethischen Konzepts.
Read article
Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
Read article
Incentive-Compatible Grants-in-Aid Mechanisms for Federations with Local Tax Competition and Asymmetric Information
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, T. Kuhn
Proceedings. 98th Annual Conference on Taxation, Miami, Florida, November 17-19, 2005 and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association,
2006
Abstract
Read article
Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
Read article
Quality of Service, Efficiency, and Scale in Network Industries: An Analysis of European Electricity Distribution
Christian Growitsch, Tooraj Jamasb, Michael Pollitt
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Quality of service is of major economic significance in natural monopoly infrastructure industries and is increasingly addressed in regulatory schemes. However, this important aspect is generally not reflected in efficiency analysis of these industries. In this paper we present an efficiency analysis of electricity distribution networks using a sample of about 500 electricity distribution utilities from seven European countries. We apply the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method on multi-output translog input distance function models to estimate cost and scale efficiency with and without incorporating quality of service. We show that introducing the quality dimension into the analysis affects estimated efficiency significantly. In contrast to previous research, smaller utilities seem to indicate lower technical efficiency when incorporating quality. We also show that incorporating quality of service does not alter scale economy measures. Our results emphasise that quality of service should be an integrated part of efficiency analysis and incentive regulation regimes, as well as in the economic review of market concentration in regulated natural monopolies.
Read article
Auctioning Public Financial Support Incentives
Ulrich Blum, F. Kalus
International Journal of Technology Management Vol. 26,
2003
Abstract
Read article
Incentive effects of social welfare payments on the supply of low-paid labor
Hilmar Schneider, Cornelia Lang, Wolfram Kempe, Jürgen Kolb, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Schriften des IWH,
No. 12,
2002
Abstract
Im September 2000 hat das Bundesministerium der Finanzen dem IWH den Auftrag erteilt, eine Studie unter dem Titel "Zu den Anreizwirkungen der Sozialhilfe - Das Angebotsverhalten arbeitsfähiger Sozialhilfeempfänger" zu erstellen. Die Ausgangshypothese bestand darin, dass das gegenwärtige Transfersystem Fehlanreize im Hinblick auf die Erwerbsbereitschaft von arbeitsfähigen Sozialhilfeempfängern setzt. Für Personen, deren am Markt erzielbarer Lohn nicht hinreichend weit über dem Sozialhilfeanspruch liegt, ist die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit relativ unattraktiv. Für diesen Personenkreis steigt das verfügbare Einkommen durch Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit nur unwesentlich an, da das Erwerbseinkommen fast vollständig auf die Sozialhilfe angerechnet wird. Davon betroffen sind vor allem gering Qualifizierte, aber auch Ältere. Daraus resultiert zum einen ein starker Anreiz zur Schwarzarbeit. Zum anderen dürfte in den angesprochenen Fehlanreizen eine der Hauptursachen der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit zu suchen sein. Wer keine anderen Jobangebote erhält als solche, die gemessen an der Alternative des Transferbezugs unattraktiv erscheinen, und wer diese deshalb ausschlägt, gerät in einen schleichenden Prozess der Entwöhnung von Erwerbsarbeit. Früher oder später stellen sich die bekannten negativen Begleiterscheinungen ein: psychische Verletzungen, Verlust von Selbstwertgefühl und der Fähigkeit zur Selbstorganisation, Alkoholkonsum und dergleichen. Was an Arbeitsfähigkeit am Beginn eines solchen Prozesses noch vorhanden war, schwindet mit zunehmender Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit.
Read article
Wage indemnity rule is no sufficient criterion for positive work incentives in low-wage sector
Hilmar Schneider, Wolfram Kempe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2002
Abstract
Mit einem mikroökonomischen Arbeitsangebotsmodell wird gezeigt, dass das Lohnabstandsangebot zwischen Sozialhilfe und Erwerbseinkommen zwar ein notwendiges Kriterium ist, um einen positiven Anreiz zur Erwerbsaufnahme potentieller Niedriglohnbezieher auszuüben, jedoch kein hinreichendes. Der Abstand Ende 2001 wird für einige Branchen ermittelt. Der Umstand, dass dieser Abstand in einigen Fällen sogar negativ ist, wirkt um so schwerwiegender, als das erzielbare Erwerbseinkommen relativ deutlich über dem Lohnersatzeinkommen in Form der Sozialhilfe liegen müsste. Eine Beschäftigung lohnt sich in finanzieller Hinsicht am ehesten für alleinlebende Sozialhilfeempfänger, während für Familien mit mehreren Kindern nicht einmal das notwendige Kriterium des positiven Lohnabstandes immer erfüllt ist.
Read article