Market Concentration and Innovation in Transnational Corporations: Evidence from Foreign Affiliates in Central and Eastern Europe
Liviu Voinea, Johannes Stephan
Research on Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalization (Progress in International Business Research, Volume 4),
2009
Abstract
Purpose – The main research question of this contribution is whether local market concentration influences R&D and innovation activities of foreign affiliates of transnational companies.
Methodology/approach – We focus on transition economies and use discriminant function analysis to investigate differences in the innovation activity of foreign affiliates operating in concentrated markets, compared to firms operating in nonconcentrated markets. The database consists of the results of a questionnaire administered to a representative sample of foreign affiliates in a selection of five transition economies.
Findings – We find that foreign affiliates in more concentrated markets, when compared to foreign affiliates in less concentrated markets, export more to their own foreign investor's network, do more basic and applied research, use more of the existing technology already incorporated in the products of their own foreign investor's network, do less process innovation, and acquire less knowledge from abroad.
Research limitations/implications – The results may be specific to transition economies only.
Practical implications – The main implications of these results are that host country market concentration stimulates intranetwork knowledge diffusion (with a risk of transfer pricing), while more intense competition stimulates knowledge creation (at least as far as process innovation is concerned) and knowledge absorption from outside the affiliates' own network. Policy makers should focus their support policies on companies in more competitive sectors, as they are more likely to transfer new technologies.
Originality/value – It contributes to the literature on the relationship between market concentration and innovation, based on a unique survey database of foreign affiliates of transnational corporations operating in Eastern Europe.
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Margins of international banking: Is there a productivity pecking order in banking, too?
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 12/2009,
2009
Abstract
Modern trade theory emphasizes firm-level productivity differentials to explain
the cross-border activities of non-financial firms. This study tests whether a
productivity pecking order also determines international banking activities. Using
a novel dataset that contains all German banks’ international activities, we
estimate the ordered probability of a presence abroad (extensive margin) and the
volume of international assets (intensive margin). Methodologically, we enrich the
conventional Heckman selection model to account for the self-selection of banks
into different modes of foreign activities using an ordered probit. Four main
findings emerge. First, similar to results for non-financial firms, a productivity
pecking order drives bank internationalization. Second, only a few non-financial
firms engage in international trade, but many banks hold international assets, and
only a few large banks engage in foreign direct investment. Third, in addition to
productivity, risk factors matter for international banking. Fourth, gravity-type
variables have an important impact on international banking activities.
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Monopolistic Competition and Costs in the Health Care Sector
Ingmar Kumpmann
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2009
Abstract
Competition among health insurers is widely considered to be a means of enhancing efficiency and containing costs in the health care system. In this paper, it is argued that this could be unsuccessful since health care providers hold a strong position on the market for health care services. Physicians exert a type of monopolistic power which can be described by Chamberlin’s model of monopolistic competition. If many health insurers compete with one another, they cannot counterbalance the strong bargaining position of the physicians. Thus, health care expenditure is higher, financing either extra profits for physicians or a higher number of them. In addition, health insurers do not have an incentive to contract selectively with health care providers as long as there are no price differences between physicians. A monopolistic health insurer is able to counterbalance the strong position of physicians and to achieve lower costs.
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A Dynamic Approach to Interest Rate Convergence in Selected Euro-candidate Countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Lucjan T. Orlowski
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 10,
2009
Abstract
We advocate a dynamic approach to monetary convergence to a common currency that is based on the analysis of financial system stability. Accordingly, we empirically test volatility dynamics of the ten-year sovereign bond yields of the 2004 EU accession countries in relation to the eurozone yields during the January 2, 2001 untill January 22, 2009 sample period. Our results show a varied degree of bond yield co-movements, the most pronounced for the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Poland, and weaker for Hungary and Slovakia. However, since the EU accession, we find some divergence of relative bond yields. We argue that a ‘static’ specification of the Maastricht criterion for long-term bond yields is not fully conducive for advancing stability of financial systems in the euro-candidate countries.
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The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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Professor Qualities and Student Achievement
Florian Hoffmann, Philip Oreopoulos
Review of Economics and Statistics,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
This paper analyzes the importance of teacher quality at the college level. Instructors are matched to objective and subjective characteristics of teacher quality to estimate the impact of rank, salary, and perceived effectiveness on student performance and subject interest. Student and course fixed effects, time of day and week controls, and students' lack of knowledge about first-year instructors help minimize selection biases. Subjective teacher evaluations perform well in measuring instructor influences on students, while objective characteristics such as rank and salary do not. Overall, the importance of college instructor differences is small, but important outliers exist.
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Softening Competition by Inducing Switching in Credit Markets: A Correction
Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse, Jorge Fernández-Ruiz, Miguel García-Cestona
Journal of Industrial Economics,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
In a recent article in this journal, Bouckaert and Degryse [2004] (denoted B&D) present a model in which banks strategically commit to disclosing borrower information. In this note, we point out an error in B&D and show that, although banks' information disclosure may indeed arise in equilibrium, it only does so if adverse selection is not too harsh.
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Microeconometric Evaluation and the Selection Bias – A practical Survey of Nonparametrical Solution Methods
Eva Reinowski
Zeitschrift für Evaluation 2,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
Die Anwendung von Evaluationsverfahren zur Beurteilung unterschiedlicher Handlungsalternativen gewinnt in verschiedenen Forschungsfeldern zunehmend an Bedeutung. Von den zur Lösung des dabei auftretenden Selektionsproblems entwickelten Verfahren haben insbesondere die nichtparametrischen große Bedeutung in der empirischen Anwendung erlangt. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über diese Verfahren gegeben, wobei die bisher bestehende Lücke zwischen einführenden Texten und der weiterführenden, eher formalen Literatur geschlossen werden soll. Dazu werden die Vor- und Nachteile der Verfahren, die nötigen Annahmen sowie die Anforderungen an die Datenbasis erläutert. Aus der Darstellung wird ersichtlich, dass für die empirische Anwendung keine Methode zur Lösung des Selektionsproblems den anderen generell überlegen ist. Alle Ansätze beruhen auf bestimmten Grundannahmen, und jeder Schätzer ist verzerrt, wenn die zur Verfügung stehende Datenbasis nicht zu diesen Annahmen passt.
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Microeconometric Evaluation of Selected ESF-funded ALMP-Programmes
Eva Reinowski, Birgit Schultz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2006
Abstract
The study evaluates different ESF-funded labour market programmes by comparing the labour market status at different points in time after the treatment. In order to solve the selection problem we employ a standard matching algorithm with a multi-dimensional distance measure. The effects of the analyzed programmes (wage subsidies, start-up subsidies and qualification measures for recipients of social welfare) are very heterogeneous. It can be observed that the direct integration into the regular labour market provides an advantage for the supported individuals. Its lasting effects, however, strongly depend on the group of persons being supported, the type of treatment and the employers’ financial share.
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The IWH signals approach: the present potential for a financial crisis in selected Central and East European countries and Turkey
Hubert Gabrisch, Simone Lösel
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
Der hohe Anstieg der Rohölpreise, Gefahren im Zusammenhang mit dem Atomprogramm Irans sowie die Ungewißheit über die künftige Richtung der Politik der großen Zentralbanken haben in den zurückliegenden Monaten auf den internationalen Finanzmärkten eine größere Unsicherheit bei den Anlegern hervorgerufen. Das führte sowohl zu einer höheren Volatilität als auch zu einem Verfall der Kurse an den wichtigen Aktienmärkten. Auch einige wichtige Aktienindizes mittel- und osteuropäischer Länder folgten dem allgemeinen Abwärtstrend, während Staatstitel relativ konstant blieben. Da über mögliche Portfoliokorrekturen internationaler Anleger auch umfangreiche Kapitalabflüsse in den mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern ausgelöst werden könnten, stellt sich die Frage, ob aus diesen Entwicklungen für die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder ein erhöhtes Potential für eine Finanzkrise entsteht. Mit Hilfe des IWH-Signalansatzes zur Analyse und Bewertung des Risikos von Finanzkrisen wurde überprüft, ob dies der Fall ist. Wie die Analyse der Frühwarnindikatoren zeigt, ist für die betrachteten Länder der Ausbruch einer Finanzkrise in den nächsten Monaten wenig wahrscheinlich. Durch eine stabile Wirtschaftspolitik und hohe Wachstumsraten, ein robustes Finanzsystem sowie günstige Wechselkursmechanismen sind diese Länder vor externen Angriffen geschützt. Anstiege des Indikators, die beispielsweise bei den baltischen Ländern zu beobachten sind, fielen allenfalls leicht aus. Im Falle der Slowakische Republik und Sloweniens signalisiert der Gesamtindikator sogar eine Entspannung. Für die Tschechische Republik, Polen und Ungarn weisen die Ergebnisse noch auf Probleme im Bankensektor hin. Diese Einschätzung gilt jedoch nicht für Rumänien und insbesondere nicht für die Türkei. Hier deutet der Gesamtindikator auf einen starken Anstieg des Risikopotentials und somit auf einen noch erheblichen wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsbedarf hin.
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