04.03.2019 • 6/2019
New IWH publication takes stock: “United country – three decades after the Wall came down”
How is Germany’s economy faring 30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall? A new publication by the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) uses illustrative maps and graphs to show how the Federal Republic has developed compared to other countries and how economic unification has progressed. The publication presents many new findings, including on productivity differences between east and west, urban and rural development, as well as the availability of skilled labour.
Gerhard Heimpold
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flexpaneldid: A Stata Command for Causal Analysis with Varying Treatment Time and Duration
Eva Dettmann, Alexander Giebler, Antje Weyh
Abstract
>>A completely revised version of this paper has been published as: Dettmann, Eva; Giebler, Alexander; Weyh, Antje: flexpaneldid. A Stata Toolbox for Causal Analysis with Varying Treatment Time and Duration. IWH Discussion Paper 3/2020. Halle (Saale) 2020.<<
The paper presents a modification of the matching and difference-in-differences approach of Heckman et al. (1998) and its Stata implementation, the command flexpaneldid. The approach is particularly useful for causal analysis of treatments with varying start dates and varying treatment durations (like investment grants or other subsidy schemes). Introducing more flexibility enables the user to consider individual treatment and outcome periods for the treated observations. The flexpaneldid command for panel data implements the developed flexible difference-in-differences approach and commonly used alternatives like CEM Matching and difference-in-differences models. The novelty of this tool is an extensive data preprocessing to include time information into the matching approach and the treatment effect estimation. The core of the paper gives two comprehensive examples to explain the use of flexpaneldid and its options on the basis of a publicly accessible data set.
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Identifying Cooperation for Innovation – A Comparison of Data Sources
Michael Fritsch, Matthias Piontek, Mirko Titze
Abstract
The value of social network analysis is critically dependent on the comprehensive and reliable identification of actors and their relationships. We compare regional knowledge networks based on different types of data sources, namely, co-patents, co-publications, and publicly subsidised collaborative Research and Development projects. Moreover, by combining these three data sources, we construct a multilayer network that provides a comprehensive picture of intraregional interactions. By comparing the networks based on the data sources, we address the problems of coverage and selection bias. We observe that using only one data source leads to a severe underestimation of regional knowledge interactions, especially those of private sector firms and independent researchers. The key role of universities that connect many regional actors is identified in all three types of data.
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For How Long Do IMF Forecasts of World Economic Growth Stay Up-to-date?
Katja Heinisch, Axel Lindner
Applied Economics Letters,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
This study analyses the performance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook output forecasts for the world and for both the advanced economies and the emerging and developing economies. With a focus on the forecast for the current year and the next year, we examine the durability of IMF forecasts, looking at how much time has to pass so that IMF forecasts can be improved by using leading indicators with monthly updates. Using a real-time data set for GDP and for indicators, we find that some simple single-indicator forecasts on the basis of data that are available at higher frequency can significantly outperform the IMF forecasts as soon as the publication of the IMF’s Outlook is only a few months old. In particular, there is an obvious gain using leading indicators from January to March for the forecast of the current year.
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19.12.2018 • 23/2018
IWH Mid-term Projections: The German Economy and Public Finances 2018 to 2025
In 2018 the general government overall balance is likely to be in surplus by almost 60 billion euros. In the medium term, however, demographic conditions will deteriorate, as will public finances. The financial position of the German state will nevertheless remain stable until 2025, unless major negative shocks occur. “But even if interest rates rose significantly or foreign demand declined markedly, only moderate deficits would arise”, says Oliver Holtemöller, head of the Department of Macroeconomics and vice president at Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). However, given the expected reduction of the surplus under existing legislation, there is no room for further increases in spending.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Konjunktur aktuell: Konjunktur in der Welt und in Deutschland verliert an Dynamik
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 4,
2018
Abstract
Im zweiten Halbjahr 2018 ist der Aufschwung der deutschen Wirtschaft ins Stocken geraten. Dabei geht der leichte Rückgang des Bruttoinlandsprodukts im dritten Quartal vor allem auf Probleme der Automobilbranche zurück: Viele Fahrzeugtypen waren nicht lieferbar, weil die Zertifizierung nach dem neuen Abgas-Prüfverfahren fehlte. Allerdings schwächt sich das Auslandsgeschäft schon seit Beginn des Jahres ab, denn die internationale Konjunktur hat den hohen Schwung des Jahres 2017 nicht halten können, vor allem wegen der hohen politischen Unsicherheiten, welche die Handelskonflikte, der nahende Brexit und der Konflikt um den italienischen Staatshaushalt mit sich bringen.
Binnenwirtschaftlich dürfte sich aber der Aufschwung in Deutschland im Lauf des Jahres kaum verlangsamt haben. Ein Hauptgrund dafür sind die weiter sehr günstigen Finanzierungsbedingungen. Sie werden aufgrund der expansiven Geldpolitik der EZB auch im Jahr 2019 günstig bleiben. Allerdings ist zu erwarten, dass das weniger freundliche außenwirtschaftliche Umfeld nicht nur die Exporte dämpft, sondern bald auch auf Investitionsentscheidungen und Personalpolitik der Unternehmen durchschlagen wird; zunächst wohl im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe, dann auch bei den Dienstleistern. Weiter bremsend wirkt zugleich der Fachkräftemangel am Bau, aber auch in anderen Branchen. Alles in allem ist damit zu rechnen, dass die Produktion im Jahr 2019 nur noch in etwa so stark zulegt wie die Produktionskapazitäten: Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte im Jahr 2018 um 1,5% und im Jahr 2019 um 1,4% steigen. Der gesamtstaatliche Haushaltsüberschuss beträgt im Jahr 2018 60 Mrd. Euro. Im Jahr 2019 verringert er sich auf 42 Mrd. Euro. Die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft dürfte in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 in etwa so schnell expandieren wie die gesamtdeutsche.
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On the Risk of a Sovereign Debt Crisis in Italy
Oliver Holtemöller, Tobias Knedlik, Axel Lindner
Intereconomics,
No. 6,
2018
Abstract
The intention for the Italian government to stimulate business activity via large increases in government spending is not in line with the stabilisation of the public debt ratio. Instead, if such policy were implemented, the risk of a sovereign debt crisis would be high. In this article, we analyse the capacity of the Italian economy to shoulder sovereign debt under different scenarios. We conclude that focusing on growth enhancing structural reforms, would allow for moderate increases in public expenditure.
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Zu den rentenpolitischen Plänen im Koalitionsvertrag 2018 von CDU, CSU und SPD: Konsequenzen, Finanzierungsoptionen und Reformbedarf
Oliver Holtemöller, Christoph Schult, Götz Zeddies
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik,
No. 3,
2018
Abstract
In the coalition agreement from February 7, 2018, the new German federal government drafts its public pension policy, which has to be evaluated against the background of demographic dynamics in Germany. In this paper, the consequences of public pensions related policy measures for the German public pension insurance are illustrated using a simulation model. In the long run, the intended extensions of benefits would lead to an increase in the contribution rate to the German public pension insurance of about two and a half percentage points. Referring to pension systems of other countries, we discuss measures in order to limit this increase in the contribution rate.
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The Joint Dynamics of Sovereign Ratings and Government Bond Yields
Makram El-Shagi, Gregor von Schweinitz
Journal of Banking and Finance,
2018
Abstract
Can a negative shock to sovereign ratings invoke a vicious cycle of increasing government bond yields and further downgrades, ultimately pushing a country toward default? The narratives of public and political discussions, as well as of some widely cited papers, suggest this possibility. In this paper, we will investigate the possible existence of such a vicious cycle. We find no evidence of a bad long-run equilibrium and cannot confirm a feedback loop leading into default as a transitory state for all but the very worst ratings. We use a bivariate semiparametric dynamic panel model to reproduce the joint dynamics of sovereign ratings and government bond yields. The individual equations resemble Pesaran-type cointegration models, which allow for valid interference regardless of whether the employed variables display unit-root behavior. To incorporate most of the empirical features previously documented (separately) in the literature, we allow for different long-run relationships in both equations, nonlinearities in the level effects of ratings, and asymmetric effects in changes of ratings and yields. Our finding of a single good equilibrium implies the slow convergence of ratings and yields toward this equilibrium. However, the persistence of ratings is sufficiently high that a rating shock can have substantial costs if it occurs at a highly speculative rating or lower. Rating shocks that drive the rating below this threshold can increase the interest rate sharply, and for a long time. Yet, simulation studies based on our estimations show that it is highly improbable that rating agencies can be made responsible for the most dramatic spikes in interest rates.
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Kosten der Maßnahmen aus dem „Entwurf eines Gesetzes über Leistungsverbesserungen und Stabilisierung in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung“
Oliver Holtemöller, Götz Zeddies
IWH Online,
No. 3,
2018
Abstract
Der Referentenentwurf des Gesetzes über Leistungsverbesserungen und Stabilisierung in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung sieht folgende Leistungsausweitungen in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung vor: Fixierung des Rentenniveaus bei 48% und der Haltelinie für den Beitragssatz bei 20%, Aufstockung der Mütterrente, Verbesserungen für Erwerbsgeminderte und Ausweitung der Gleitzone (so genannte „Midijobs“).
Diese Maßnahmen werden vor allem langfristig erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Ausgaben der Rentenversicherung haben; gleichzeitig wird die Anzahl der Beitragszahler aufgrund der Alterung der Bevölkerung abnehmen. Das heißt, selbst ohne die neuen Leistungsausweitungen stiegen die Abgaben (Beiträge und Steuern) zur Finanzierung der Rentenversicherung langfristig deutlich an.
Berechnungen mit dem Rentensimulationsmodell des IWH zeigen, dass die effektive Abgabenlast (Rentenversicherungsbeitrag plus Steuerzuschüsse) in Relation zum Lohn bis zum Jahr 2050 ohne die neuen Leistungsausweitungen um acht und mit um weitere drei Prozentpunkte zunehmen dürfte. Wenn der Beitragssatz bei 20% konstant gehalten werden soll, müssten etwa die Einkommensteuer oder die Umsatzsteuer entsprechend kräftig erhöht werden.
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