Accurate macroeconomic forecasts are essential for effective policy decisions, yet their precision depends on the accuracy of the underlying assumptions. This paper examines the extent to which assumption errors affect forecast accuracy, introducing the average squared assumption error (ASAE) as a valid instrument to address endogeneity. Using double/debiased machine learning (DML) techniques and partial linear instrumental variable (PLIV) models, we analyze GDP growth forecasts for Germany, conditioning on key exogenous variables such as oil price, exchange rate, and world trade. We find that traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques systematically underestimate the influence of assumption errors, particularly with respect to world trade, while DML effectively mitigates endogeneity, reduces multicollinearity, and captures nonlinearities in the data. However, the effect of oil price assumption errors on GDP forecast errors remains ambiguous. These results underscore the importance of advanced econometric tools to improve the evaluation of macroeconomic forecasts.

We study the corporate-loan pricing decisions of a major, systemic bank during the Greek financial crisis. A unique aspect of our data set is that we observe both the actual interest rate and the “break-even rate” (BE rate) of each loan, as computed by the bank’s own loan-pricing department (in effect, the loan’s marginal cost). We document that low-BE-rate (safer) borrowers are charged significant markups, whereas high-BE-rate (riskier) borrowers are charged smaller and even negative markups. We rationalize this de facto cross-subsidization through the lens of a dynamic model featuring depressed collateral values, impaired capital-market access, and limit pricing.

Die deutsche Wirtschaft befindet sich weiterhin in der Krise. Der Beginn des Jahres 2025 ist geprägt von erheblichen innen- aber auch außenpolitischen Veränderungen. In Deutschland ist die wirtschaftspolitische Unsicherheit angesichts des Regierungswechsels hoch. Gleichzeitig belastet die protektionistische Handelspolitik der USA die deutsche Konjunktur. Zudem hat sich mit der neuen Regierung in den USA die Sicherheitslage in Europa verschlechtert. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben Bundestag und Bundesrat die Finanzverfassung Deutschlands grundlegend geändert und weitreichende öffentliche Verschuldungsspielräume geschaffen. 

Die wirtschaftliche Schwäche in Deutschland ist nicht nur konjunktureller, sondern auch struktureller Natur. So sehen sich deutsche Unternehmen einem verstärkten internationalen Wettbewerb vor allem aus China ausgesetzt. Zudem scheint ein Teil der Produktion in der energieintensiven Industrie dauerhaft weggefallen zu sein. Eine schwindende Erwerbsbevölkerung und hoher bürokratischer Aufwand sind weitere strukturelle Schwächen, unter denen die deutsche Wirtschaft leidet. 

Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte in diesem Jahr mit einem Anstieg um 0,1 % kaum mehr als stagnieren. Damit revidieren die Institute die Prognose vom Herbst 2024 recht deutlich um 0,7 Prozentpunkte nach unten. Insbesondere im Sommerhalbjahr 2025 wird inzwischen die Dynamik aufgrund der US-Zollpolitik schwächer eingeschätzt. Damit verzögert sich die erwartete Erholung. Im weiteren Prognosezeitraum dürfte eine voraussichtlich expansive Finanzpolitik die Konjunktur beleben. Im kommenden Jahr dürfte steigt das Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 1,3 %, wobei 0,3 Prozentpunkte der höheren Zahl an Arbeitstagen zu verdanken sind. Damit ist die Rate gegenüber der Herbstprognose unverändert, das Niveau der Wirtschaftsleistung ist aber 0,8 % niedriger.

Utilizing near real-time QuickBooks data from over 1.6 million small businesses and a targeted survey, this paper highlights the critical role credit card financing plays for small business activity. We examine a two year period beginning in January of 2021. A turbulent period during which, credit card usage by small U.S. businesses nearly doubled, interest payments rose by 60%, and delinquencies reached 2.8%. We find, first, monthly credit card payments were up to three times higher than loan payments during this time. Second, we use targeted surveys of these small businesses to establish credit cards as a key financing source in response to firm-level shocks, such as uncertain cash flows and overdue invoices. Third, we establish the importance of credit cards as an important financial transmission mechanism. Following the Federal Reserve’s rate hikes in early 2022, banks cut credit card supply, leading to a 15.75% drop in balances and a 10% decline in revenue growth, as well as a 1.5% decrease in employment growth among U.S. small businesses. These higher rates also rendered interest payments unsustainable for many, contributing to half of the observed increase in delinquencies. Lastly, a simple heterogeneous firm model with a cash-in-hand constraint illustrates the significant macroeconomic impact of credit card financing on small business activity.

We study whether and how EU banks comply with tighter macroprudential policy (MPP). Observing contractual details for more than one million securitized loans, we document an elusive risk-shifting response by EU banks in reaction to tighter loan-to-value (LTV) restrictions between 2009 and 2022. Our staggered difference-in-differences reveals that banks respond to these MPP measures at the portfolio level by issuing new loans after LTV shocks that are smaller, have shorter maturities, and show a higher collateral valuation while holding constant interest rates. Instead of contracting aggregate lending as intended by tighter MPP, banks increase the number and total volume of newly issued loans. Importantly, new loans finance especially properties in less liquid markets identified by a new European Real Estate Index (EREI), which we interpret as a novel, elusive form of risk-shifting.

This paper analyzes the impact of reduced tax incentives for equity financing on banks' regulatory capital ratios under the Basel III regime. We are particularly interested in a recent interest rate cut in the Italian corporate equity allowance, which reduces the relative tax advantage of equity financing. The results show that banks respond to this increased tax disparity by significantly reducing their regulatory capital while at the same time reducing their risk-taking. The decline in capital is more pronounced for small banks and outweighs the initial capital gains from the introduction of this tax instrument. Our results challenge the use of equity allowances, in that financial stability gains persist only as long as costly tax subsidies remain intact and diminish as the size of the subsidy is reduced.