We use Italian regional data to answer the question whether trade affects within-country income differentials. In Italy, the more affluent Northern regions trade more with the rest of the world than the poorer ones in the Southern “Mezzogiorno” regions. Prima facie, there is a positive correlation between external trade and per capita income. Studying this relationship empirically requires taking into account the endogenous component of trade. We argue that panel cointegration models can complement instrumental variables techniques to account for the endogeneity of trade in a panel context. Both methods show a positive link between trade openness and the level of income per capita.

The question whether international openness causes higher domestic growth has been subject to intense discussions in the empirical growth literature. This paper addresses the issue in the context of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. We analyze whether the slow convergence in per capita incomes between East and West Germany and the lower international openness of East Germany are linked. We address the endogeneity of openness by adapting the methodology proposed by Frankel and Romer (1999) to a panel framework. We instrument openness with time-invariant exogenous geographic variables and time-varying exogenous policy variables. We also distinguish the impact of different channels of integration. Our paper has three main findings. First, geographic variables have a significant impact on regional openness. Second, controlling for geography, East German states are less integrated into international markets along all dimensions of integration considered. Third, the degree of openness for trade has a positive impact on regional income per capita.

Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.

This paper tests a neo-Heckscher-Ohlin versus a neo-Ricardian framework for explaining vertical intra-industry trade. The study applies panel techniques with instrument variables to analyse trade between 'old' EU and ten Central-East European countries in their post-transition period. Results show country-pair fixed effects to be of high relevance for explaining vertical intra-industry trade. Technology differences are positively, while differences in factor endowment measured in GDP per capita are negatively correlated with vertical intra-industry trade and confirm the relevance of the neo-Ricardian approach. In addition, changing bilateral differences in personal income distribution during the transition of Central-East European countries towards a market economy contribute to changes in vertical intra-industry trade.

Has the labor share declined? And what is the impact of international trade? These

questions are not only relevant in an international context they also matter for

understanding the regional distribution of incomes in a given country. In this

paper, we study two regions with trade exposures that differ from the rest of the

country, and which display distinct changes in the labor share. East German and

Southern Italian regions have a degree of international openness which is below

the countries’ averages. At the same time, there has been a more pronounced

decline in the labor share in East Germany than in West Germany. In Southern

Italy, the labor share has increased in recent years. We show that increased trade

openness is not the main culprit behind changing labor shares.

Weakening bargaining power of unions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This paper documents and explains changes in income volatility. Using a theoretical framework which builds distribution risk into a real business cycle model, hypotheses on the determinants of the relative volatility of capital and labor are derived. The model is tested using industry-level data. The data cover 11 industrialized countries, 22 manufacturing and services industries, and a maximum of 35 years. The paper has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor and capital incomes has declined, reflecting the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the idiosyncratic component of income volatility has hardly changed over time. Third, crosssectional heterogeneity in the evolution of relative income volatilities is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile in relative terms. Fourth, income volatility is related to variables measuring the bargaining power of workers. Trade openness has no significant impact.

This paper evaluates the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) and its hybrid

variant within a limited information framework for Germany. The main interest rests on the average frequency of price re-optimization of firms. We use the labor income share as the driving variable and consider a source of real rigidity by allowing for a fixed firm-specific capital stock. A GMM estimation strategy is employed as well as an identification robust method that is based upon the Anderson-Rubin statistic. We find out that the German Phillips Curve is purely forward looking. Moreover, our point estimates are consistent with the view that firms re-optimize prices every two to three quarters. While these estimates seem plausible from an economic point of view, the uncertainties around these estimates are very large and also consistent with perfect nominal price rigidity where firms never re-optimize prices. This analysis also offers some explanations why previous results for the German NKPC based on GMM differ considerably. First, standard GMM results are very sensitive to the way how orthogonality conditions are formulated. Additionally, model misspecifications may be left undetected by conventional J tests. Taken together, this analysis points out

the need for identification robust methods to get reliable estimates for the NKPC.

Our study examines the regional patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. An econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows gives evidence of the importance of labour market, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities, in addition they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant influence for young women’s migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates a long lasting effect on the regional migration balance, especially when the educational opportunities in the destination region are associated with adequate career perspectives for high qualified female graduates. In view of considerable losses due to migration, the study shows various options for action. An important course of action is to incorporate policy measures improving regional employment and income opportunities. Secondly, extending vocational and academic offers addressed to women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate women’s immigration. Moreover, enhancing the social infrastructure, which contributes to a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving a region.

Der Beitrag stellt drei in der Diskussion befindliche Ansätze vor, die zu einer Einkommenssicherung von entweder Arbeitslosen oder Beschäftigten im Niedriglohnbereich führen sollen. Namentlich handelt es sich um die Einführung eines flächendeckenden Mindestlohns, um das Kombilohnmodell des Sachverständigenrats sowie um den Workfare-Ansatz des IZA Bonn. Der Beitrag zeigt die wesentlichen „Bausteine“ der Modelle auf, die zu erwartenden Beschäftigungseffekte (einschließlich der fiskalischen Kosten, soweit möglich) und geht schließlich der Frage nach, wie eine Einführung der Modelle auf den ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt wirken könnte.

Das in den späten 70er Jahren entwickelte Potentialfaktorkonzept, das die Beziehung zwischen regional weitgehend immobilen Produktionsfaktorkapazitäten und dem regionalen Entwicklungspotential analysiert, wird auf die Regionen des vereinten Deutschlands angewendet. Ziel ist es, auf der Grundlage von Daten des Jahres 2003 die Beziehung auszuweisen und innerdeutsch in Bezug auf die wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit differenzierende Faktoren zu identifizieren. Daher werden neben der Erklärung von Arbeit sowie öffentlichem und privatem Kapital auch die Kapazität der Führungsfunktionen und die privaten Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung einbezogen. Zunächst zeigt sich, daß drei Faktoren für die Einkommenslücke des Ostens von rund 40% besonders verantwortlich zeichnen: Die weitgehend fehlenden Führungsfunktionen, die niedrigen FuE-Ausgaben und die Erreichbarkeit im überörtlichen Verkehrssystem. Rund 85% des ostdeutschen Rückstands werden durch sie erklärt. Natürlich ist bekannt, daß eine Interdependenz zwischen Führungsfunktionen und wirtschaftlicher Leistungsfähigkeit besteht und damit eine einfache Kausalität nicht zwingend ist. Da aber durch den Einigungsprozeß Kombinatsstrukturen zerschlagen wurden und im Rahmen der Privatisierung der Aufbau von örtlichen Führungsfunktionen kein vorgegebenes Ziel war, weshalb auch die Industrieforschung der DDR nur mit Anstrengungen – und dann nur partiell – in die Marktwirtschaft überführt werden konnte, steht hier diese Minderausstattung am Anfang der Ursachenforschung für die fehlende Ost-West-Konvergenz. Aus wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht muß damit die Forderung nach Unterstützung eines internen und externen Unternehmenswachstums Priorität gewinnen, um die Regionen wirtschaftlich zu ertüchtigen. Denn die Beziehung zwischen Produktivität, Unternehmensgröße und Internationalität der erstellten Güterstruktur ist aus theoretischer ebenso wie aus empirischer Sicht zwingend. In der Tat sind solche ostdeutschen Regionen besonders erfolgreich, denen dies vor allem durch den Aufbau leistungsfähiger Cluster gelungen ist.