Will Oil Prices Decline Over the Long Run?
Filippo di Mauro, Robert K. Kaufmann, Pavlos Karadeloglou
ECB Occasional Paper Series,
No. 98,
2008
Abstract
At present, oil markets appear to be behaving in a fashion similar to that in the late 1970s and early 1980s when oil prices rose sharply over an extended period. Furthermore, like at that time, analysts are split on whether such increases will persist or reverse, and if so by how much. The present paper argues that the similarities between the two episodes are not as strong as they might appear at first sight, and that the likelihood of sharp reversals in prices is not particularly great. There are a number of reasons in support of the view that it is unlikely that the first two decades of this century will mimic the last two decades of the previous century. First, oil demand is likely to grow significantly in line with strong economic growth in non-OECD countries. Second, on the supply side, OPEC is likely to enhance its control over markets over the next two decades, as supply increases in newly opened areas will only partially offset declining rates of production in other geologically mature non-OPEC oil regions. Moreover, while concerns about climate change will spur global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, these efforts are not expected to reduce oil demand. Finally, although there is much talk about alternative fuels, few of these are economically viable at the prices currently envisioned, and given the structural impediments, there is a reduced likelihood that the market will be able to generate sufficient quantities of these alternative fuels over the forecast horizon. The above factors imply that oil prices are likely to continue to exceed the USD 70 to USD 90 range over the long term.
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Flow of conjunctural information and forecast of euro area economic activity
Katja Drechsel, L. Maurin
ECB Working Paper, no. 925,
2008
Abstract
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Three methods of forecasting currency crises: Which made the run in signaling the South African currency crisis of June 2006?
Tobias Knedlik, Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2007
Abstract
In this paper we test the ability of three of the most popular methods to forecast the South African currency crisis of June 2006. In particular we are interested in the out-ofsample performance of these methods. Thus, we choose the latest crisis to conduct an out-of-sample experiment. In sum, the signals approach was not able to forecast the outof- sample crisis of correctly; the probit approach was able to predict the crisis but just with models, that were based on raw data. Employing a Markov-regime-switching approach also allows to predict the out-of-sample crisis. The answer to the question of which method made the run in forecasting the June 2006 currency crisis is: the Markovswitching approach, since it called most of the pre-crisis periods correctly. However, the “victory” is not straightforward. In-sample, the probit models perform remarkably well and it is also able to detect, at least to some extent, out-of-sample currency crises before their occurrence. It can, therefore, not be recommended to focus on one approach only when evaluating the risk for currency crises.
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Economies of Scope in European Railways: An Efficiency Analysis
Christian Growitsch, Heike Wetzel
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2006
Abstract
In the course of railway reforms in the end of the last century, national European governments, as well the EU Commission, decided to open markets and to separate railway networks from train operations. Vertically integrated railway companies – companies owning a network and providing transport services – argue that such a separation of infrastructure and operations would diminish the advantages of vertical integration and would therefore not be suitable to raise economic welfare. In this paper, we conduct a pan-European analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus on economies of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realise economies of joint production and, thus, produce railway services on a higher level of efficiency. To determine whether joint or separate production is more efficient we apply a Data Envelopment Analysis super-efficiency bootstrapping model which relates the efficiency for integrated production to a virtual reference set consisting of the separated production technology. Our findings are that in a majority of European Railway companies exist economies of scope.
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Determinants of employment - the macroeconomic view
Christian Dreger, Heinz P. Galler, Ulrich (eds) Walwai
Schriften des IWH,
No. 22,
2005
Abstract
The weak performance of the German labour market over the past years has led to a significant unemployment problem. Currently, on average 4.5 mio. people are without a job contract, and a large part of them are long-term unemployed. A longer period of unemployment reduces their employability and aggravates the problem of social exclusion.
The factors driving the evolution of employment have been recently discussed on the workshop Determinanten der Beschäftigung – die makroökonomische Sicht organized jointly by the IAB, Nuremberg, and the IWH, Halle. The present volume contains the papers and proceedings to the policy oriented workshop held in November 2004, 15-16th. The main focus of the contributions is twofold. First, macroeconomic conditions to stimulate output and employment are considered. Second, the impacts of the increasing tax wedge between labour costs and the take home pay are emphasized. In particular, the role of the contributions to the social security system is investigated.
In his introductory address, Ulrich Walwei (IAB) links the unemployment experience to the modest path of economic growth in Germany. In addition, the low employment intensity of GDP growth and the temporary standstill of the convergence process of the East German economy have contributed to the weak labour market performance. In his analysis, Gebhard Flaig (ifo Institute, München) stresses the importance of relative factor price developments. A higher rate of wage growth leads to a decrease of the employment intensity of production, and correspondingly to an increase of the threshold of employment. Christian Dreger (IWH) discusses the relevance of labour market institutions like employment protection legislation and the structure of the wage bargaining process on the labour market outcome. Compared to the current setting, policies should try to introduce more flexibility in labour markets to improve the employment record. The impact of interest rate shocks on production is examined by the paper of Boris Hofmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt). According to the empirical evidence, monetary policy cannot explain the modest economic performance in Germany. György Barabas and Roland Döhrn (RWI Essen) have simulated the effects of a world trade shock on output and employment. The relationships have been fairly stable over the past years, even in light of the increasing globalization. Income and employment effects of the German tax reform in 2000 are discussed by Peter Haan and Viktor Steiner (DIW Berlin). On the base of a microsimulation model, household gains are determined. Also, a positive relationship between wages and labour supply can be established. Michael Feil und Gerd Zika (IAB) have examined the employment effects of a reduction of the contribution rates to the social security system. To obtain robust results, the analysis is done under alternative financing scenarios and with different macroeconometric models. The impacts of allowances of social security contributions on the incentives to work are discussed by Wolfgang Meister and Wolfgang Ochel (ifo München). According to their study, willingness to work is expected to increase especially at the lower end of the income distribution. The implied loss of contributions could be financed by higher taxes.
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East Germany's original economic power still weaker as supposed
Harald Lehmann, Udo Ludwig, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Die Nachfrage in den neuen Ländern wird zu rund einem Viertel durch Transferzuflüsse aus Westdeutschland gestützt. Grund hierfür ist vor allem, dass die in Ostdeutschland selbst erzielten Beiträge zu den Sozialversicherungen (Arbeitslosenund Rentenversicherung) nicht ausreichen, die Ansprüche der Leistungsempfänger zu decken. Darüber hinaus wird auch die schwache Finanzkraft der ostdeutschen Länder in erheblichem Maße durch Leistungen des Bundes und der westdeutschen Länder aufgestockt. Ohne diese West-Ost- Transfers könnte das materielle Wohlstandsniveau in den neuen Ländern in bisheriger Höhe nicht aufrechterhalten werden. Bislang nicht untersucht wurde aber, wie sich diese Transferleistungen auf das ostdeutsche Bruttoinlandsprodukt auswirken. Dieses Forschungsdefizit wird in diesem Beitrag geschlossen.
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Economic forecast 2005: German economy gradually accelerating
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2005
Abstract
In der Weltwirtschaft wirken die geldpolitischen
Rahmenbedingungen weiterhin anregend. Die
Ertragslage der Unternehmen ist gut – mit ein
Grund für die recht positive Entwicklung an den
Aktienmärkten in Amerika und in Europa. Die
Voraussetzungen für die Fortsetzung des weltwirtschaftlichen
Aufschwungs sind von dieser Seite
günstig, wenngleich die Unsicherheiten über die
künftige Entwicklung von Ölpreis und Dollarwert
geblieben sind...
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The effects of demographic changes on the level and structure of private consumption - a forecast for Germany until 2050 -
Harald Lehmann
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 195,
2004
Abstract
Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht den Einfluss demografischer Entwicklungen (Grundlage: 10. koordinierte Bevölkerungsvorausschätzung) auf Niveau und Struktur des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Konsums privater Haushalte. Grundlage der Analyse sind Haushaltsdaten der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe 1998, die an Konzepte der VGR angepasst werden. Nach Einteilung aller Haushalte in demografisch definierte Konsumentengruppen werden typische Verbrauchsmuster und -funktionen ermittelt. Diese sind Grundlage einer Schätzung des Konsums bei geänderter Bedeutung der einzelnen Konsumentengruppen, wobei letzteres über Gewichtsverschiebungen – berechnet mittels des Haushaltsvorstandsquotenverfahren und der Bevölkerungsvorrauschätzung – dargestellt wird. Die Ergebnisse sprechen – außer bei den Gesundheitsausgaben – für einen schwachen Einfluss der Demografie auf die Konsumstruktur. Je nach Bevölkerungsentwicklungsszenario und Prognosehorizont sind deutliche Einflüsse auf das Konsumniveau erkennbar. Wird die Prognose um Ausgabeneffekte ergänzt, so dominieren diese die Ergebnisse sowohl hinsichtlich der Höhe als auch der Zusammensetzung des Verbrauchs.
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