How Do EU Banks’ Funding Costs Respond to the CRD IV? An Assessment Based on the Banking Union Directives Database
Thomas Krause, Eleonora Sfrappini, Lena Tonzer, Cristina Zgherea
Journal of Financial Stability,
Vol. 78 (June),
2025
Abstract
The establishment of the European Banking Union constitutes a major change in the regulatory framework of the banking system. Main parts are implemented via directives that show staggered transposition timing across EU member states. Based on the newly compiled Banking Union Directives Database, we assess how banks’ funding costs responded to the Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV). Our findings show an upward trend in funding costs which is driven by an increase in cost of equity and partially offset by a decline in cost of debt. The diverging trends are most present in countries with an ex-ante lower regulatory capital stringency, which is in line with banks’ short-run adjustment needs but longer-run benefits from increased financial stability.
Read article
13.03.2025 • 10/2025
A turning point for the German economy?
The international political environment has fundamentally changed with looming trade wars and a deteriorating security situation in Europe. The leading parties in Germany are setting the stage for debt-financed additional defence tasks with far-reaching changes to the debt brake. This entails major risks for the German economy, but also opportunities. Meanwhile, the economy continues to be in a downturn. According to the spring forecast of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), gross domestic product (GDP) in 2025 is likely to be roughly the same as in the previous year, and it will not increase significantly until 2026, partly because uncertainty about German economic policy is likely to decrease after the new government is established, meaning that the savings rate of private households will fall again somewhat and the debt-financed additional government spending will gradually have an impact on demand. The IWH economists are forecasting an increase in GDP of 0.1% for 2025. In December, they were still forecasting growth of 0.4% for 2025. The outlook is similar for East Germany, where production is likely to have increased slightly in 2024, unlike in Germany as a whole.
Oliver Holtemöller
Read
Do Euro Area Banks Adjust Their Foreign Real Estate Backed Lending in a Low Interest Rate Environment?
Kirsten Schmidt, Lena Tonzer
SUERF Policy Brief,
February
2025
Abstract
Banks have been operating in a low interest rate environment paired with booming housing markets. For the largest banks in the euro area and the period 2015-2022, we assess whether banks reallocate their foreign loan portfolio backed by real estate as a response to differences in local lending spreads across the home and destination country and conditional on reduced information frictions due to borrowing-country exposures. The main result is that the relative share of foreign real estate backed lending increases in case of return opportunities, and this sensitivity depends on local exposures towards the borrowing country. The result is driven by subsamples for which neither the home nor the borrowing country have implemented macroprudential regulation targeting real estate lending, or for which there is a misalignment in macroprudential policies. Nevertheless, we find limited evidence that the riskiness of real estate backed loans goes up during our sample period, and we discuss potential reasons for this result including the possibility of hidden losses.
Read article
Nothing Special about an Allowance for Corporate Equity: Evidence from Italian Banks
Dennis Dreusch, Felix Noth, Peter Reichling
Journal of International Money and Finance,
Vol. 150 (February),
2025
Abstract
This paper analyzes the impact of reduced tax incentives for equity financing on banks' regulatory capital ratios under the Basel III regime. We are particularly interested in a recent interest rate cut in the Italian corporate equity allowance, which reduces the relative tax advantage of equity financing. The results show that banks respond to this increased tax disparity by significantly reducing their regulatory capital while at the same time reducing their risk-taking. The decline in capital is more pronounced for small banks and outweighs the initial capital gains from the introduction of this tax instrument. Our results challenge the use of equity allowances, in that financial stability gains persist only as long as costly tax subsidies remain intact and diminish as the size of the subsidy is reduced.
Read article
Aktuelle Trends: Die Bedeutung von Banken zur Verteilung von Subventionen
Aleksandr Kazakov, Michael Koetter
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2024
Abstract
Seit 1990 wurden im Rahmen der „Gemeinschaftsaufgabe Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“ (GRW) rund 68 Milliarden Euro an Unternehmen in strukturschwachen Regionen in Ost- und Westdeutschland vergeben. Dieser Beitrag verdeutlicht die Rolle der Banken dabei und zeigt erhebliche räumliche Unterschiede bei den Subventionen.
Read article
Mittelfristige Projektion der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und Szenarien für die Erreichung der gesetzlichen Emissionsziele
Andrej Drygalla, Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner, Alessandro Sardone, Christoph Schult, Götz Zeddies
Konjunktur aktuell,
No. 4,
2024
Abstract
Das Produktionspotenzial der deutschen Wirtschaft wächst mittelfristig (2023 bis 2029) mit einer jahresdurchschnittlichen Rate von 0,3% und damit deutlich schwächer als in den Jahren zuvor. Dies ist auf eine ungünstigere Entwicklung aller drei Faktoren (Arbeitsvolumen, Kapitalstock, totale Faktorproduktivität) zurückzuführen. Das potenzielle Wachstum wird insbesondere durch den Rückgang der durchschnittlichen Arbeitszeit gedämpft.
Read article
Banks’ foreign homes
Kirsten Schmidt, Lena Tonzer
Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Papers,
No. 46,
2024
Abstract
Our results reveal that higher lending spreads between foreign and home markets redirect real estate backed lending towards foreign markets offering a higher interest rate, which provides evidence for "search for yield" behavior. This re-allocation is found especially for banks with more expertise on the foreign market due to a higher local activity and holds for commercial and residential real estate backed loans. Furthermore, "search for yield" behavior and a resulting increase in foreign real estate backed lending is found when macroprudential regulation is missing or misaligned between a bank’s country of residence and the destination country. When turning to the question of whether the detected search for yield behavior results in more risk, we find that especially better capitalized banks report higher forbearance ratios as they might face less stigma effects compared to low capitalized banks.
Read article
Der Staat und die Banken: Bankenregulierung im Kontext dynamischer Entwicklungen und unter Berücksichtigung indirekt betroffener Akteure
Melina Ludolph, Lena Tonzer
ifo Schnelldienst,
Vol. 77 (7),
2024
Abstract
Finanzmarktkrisen verursachen in der Regel hohe Kosten. Banken müssen stabilisiert werden, um einen Zusammenbruch des Bankensystems zu verhindern, was immense Kosten für den Staat bedeuten kann. Ebenso kommt es im Zuge von Finanzmarktkrisen zu einem starken Rückgang der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität, der im Vergleich zu gewöhnlichen Rezessionen länger anhält. Die Finanzmarktkrise hat dies ein weiteres Mal verdeutlicht und eine Phase der signifikanten Verschärfung der Regulierung und Aufsicht von Banken eingeleitet. Die Legislative hat das »Window of Opportunity« gut genutzt, und sowohl auf nationaler als auch auf europäischer Ebene wurden neue gesetzliche Grundlagen für eine stärkere Regulierung des Bankensystems erfolgreich eingeführt. Ein erster Erfolg des neuen regulatorischen Umfelds zeigte sich während der Corona-Pandemie, in der das Bankensystem stabil blieb. Dies wird auch durch die aktuell steigenden Eigenkapitalquoten und vergleichsweise niedrigen Ausfallraten im Kreditportfolio der Banken deutlich. Hervorzuheben ist außerdem, dass nicht nur auf nationaler Ebene Anstrengungen unternommen wurden, das regulatorische Umfeld für Banken zu verbessern, sondern dass es auch auf Ebene der Europäischen Union (EU) gelungen ist, mit dem »Single Rulebook« einen einheitlichen regulatorischen Rahmen zu schaffen. Dies wirkt Verschiebungen von Risiken innerhalb der EU entgegen. Trotz dieser Erfolge und positiven Entwicklungen darf nicht übersehen werden, dass sich durch staatliches Eingreifen und die Einführung neuer Regulierungsvorschriften nicht nur der betroffene Sektor, also die Banken, anpassen. Es kann auch zu Auswirkungen auf verschiedenste Akteure kommen, die direkt oder indirekt mit dem Bankensystem interagieren. Zudem kann es im Anpassungsprozess zu dynamischen Effekten kommen. Im Beitrag gehen wir auf zwei ausgewählte Aspekte ein, welche in diesem Zusammenhang von der Legislative zu beachten sind.
Der Beitrag ist Teil des Artikels “Die Zukunft des europäischen Finanzsystems – zwischen Risiken und mangelnder Wettbewerbsfähigkeit?“, erschienen in: ifo Schnelldienst, 2024, 77, Nr. 07, 03-36.
Read article
How Do EU Banks’ Funding Costs Respond to the CRD IV? An Assessment Based on the Banking Union Directives Database
Thomas Krause, Eleonora Sfrappini, Lena Tonzer, Cristina Zgherea
Abstract
The establishment of the European Banking Union constitutes a major change in the regulatory framework of the banking system. Main parts are implemented via directives that show staggered transposition timing across EU member states. Based on the newly compiled Banking Union Directives Database, we assess how banks’ funding costs responded to the Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV). Our findings show an upward trend in funding costs which is driven by an increase in cost of equity and partially offset by a decline in cost of debt. The diverging trends are most present in countries with an ex-ante lower regulatory capital stringency, which is in line with banks’ short-run adjustment needs but longer-run benefits from increased financial stability.
Read article
12.03.2024 • 8/2024
Risk in the banking sector: four out of ten top supervisors come from the financial industry
Europe's banks realise excess returns on the stock market when their alumni join the boards of national supervisory authorities. A study by the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) shows that this happens more frequently than previously recognised. The findings indicate a risk to financial stability and call for a more merit-based, transparent appointment of senior regulators.
Michael Koetter
Read