Environmental Protection and the Private Provision of International Public Goods
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, Dirk T. G. Rübbelke, E. Sheshinski
Economica,
2010
Abstract
International environmental protection like the combat of global warming exhibits properties of public goods. In the international arena, no coercive authority exists that can enforce measures to overcome free-rider incentives. Therefore decentralized negotiations between individual regions serve as an approach to pursue efficient international environmental protection. We propose a scheme which is based on the ideas of Coasean negotiations and Pigouvian taxes. The negotiating entities offer side-payments to counterparts in order to influence their taxation of polluting consumption. Side-payments, in turn, are self-financed by means of externality-correcting taxes. As we show, a Pareto-efficient outcome can be attained.
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Sharing Competences: The Impact of Local Institutional Settings on Voter Turnout
Claus Michelsen, Peter Bönisch, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Abstract
Institutions are common predictors of voter turnout. Most research in this field focuses on cross-country comparisons of voting systems, like the impact of compulsory voting or registration systems. Fewer efforts have been devoted to understand the role of local institutions and their impact on political participation. Especially the impact of divided competences in relation to public good provision and its impact on voter turnout has been widely ignored. In the present paper, we analyze the effects of different institutional settings for inter-municipal cooperation on voter turnout. We use data from local elections in Germany, held in 2003 and 2004. Overall, we analyze aggregate voter turnout of 1661 municipalities and find strong evidence for our hypothesis that local institutional settings are influential in this context. Further, our results indicate that the better competences correspond to the spatial dimension of local public goods, the higher should be the voter turnout.
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Gauging the Potential for Social Unrest
Walter Hyll, Oded Stark, Doris A. Behrens
Public Choice,
2010
Abstract
It stands to reason that social unrest does not erupt out of the blue. Although there are a great many reasons why social dismay might descend into social disorder, only few yardsticks or indices can plausibly be used to gauge the potential for social unrest (PSU). If policy makers want to undertake public action to prevent social dismay escalating into social disruption, they obviously need to draw on practical sensors. This paper assesses critically the adequacy of two such measures, the polarization (P) index, and the total relative deprivation (TRD) index. The paper proposes a tentative guide to selecting between these two measures. A review of three stylized scenarios suggests that, where income redistributions reduce the number of distinct income groups, and when each group is characterized by a strong sense of within-group identity, the P index surpasses the TRD index as a basis for predicting PSU. When the within-group identification is weak, however, it is better to use the TRD index to predict PSU.
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The German New Fiscal Rule (Schuldenbremse): Previous Agreements Question Success on the Länder Level
Kristina vanDeuverden, Sabine Freye
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2010
Abstract
Zu Beginn des Jahres 2011 wird in Deutschland eine neue Regel zur Neuverschuldung der öffentlichen Haushalte in Kraft treten – die Schuldenbremse. Wie bei jeder Fiskalregel setzt ihr Gelingen notwendig eine zeitnahe Beobachtung der Haushaltsentwicklung voraus, denn nur so kann Fehlentwicklungen rechtzeitig gegengesteuert werden. Die Evaluierung der öffentlichen Haushalte on Bund und Ländern wurde dem eigens geschaffenen Stabilitätsrat übertragen. Dazu wird er
auf vier Kennzahlen zurückgreifen. Überschreiten diese mehrheitlich in zwei von drei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren die festgelegten Schwellenwerte, wird der Stabilitätsrat prüfen, ob eine Haushaltsnotlage droht. Zwar erscheinen die Kennziffern grundsätzlich geeignet, ein umfassendes Bild der Staatsfinanzen zu zeichnen, allerdings geben die gewählten Schwellenwerte Anlass, am Gelingen der Schuldenbremse zu zweifeln. Jeder der Schwellenwerte orientiert sich an der durchschnittlichen Entwicklung aller Länderhaushalte. Aus diesem Grund müssen die Kennziffern schon extreme Werte annehmen, um als „auffällig“ ausgewiesen zu werden. Die Zielgröße der Schuldenbremse an sich ist der strukturelle Finanzierungssaldo. Dies ist der Haushaltssaldo, der sich ergeben würde, wenn die
Einnahmen und Ausgaben des Staates um konjunkturelle Einflüsse korrigiert werden. Es hätte erwartet werden können, dass diese Zielgröße eine der herangezogenen Kennziffern sein würde. Dem ist nicht so; stattdessen wird der Rat den nominalen Finanzierungssaldo verwenden – bereinigt um bestimmte finanzielle Transaktionen. Letztlich ist dies nur eine Notlösung, denn zur Schätzung des strukturellen Finanzierungssaldos gibt es mehrere Verfahren, und Bund und Länder haben sich bisher auf keine gemeinsame Vorgehensweise geeinigt. Dies ist mehr als bedenklich. Nicht nur, dass der strukturelle Finanzierungssaldo ein wichtiges Kriterium für die Nachhaltigkeit von Finanzpolitik ist. Die Schuldenbremse
kann nicht wirklich in Kraft treten ohne die konzeptionelle Einigung auf eine Schätzmethode. Aus diesem Grund schlägt das IWH ein praktikables Verfahren vor, mit dem die strukturellen Finanzierungssalden der Länder berechnet werden können. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren trägt dabei sowohl den wissenschaftlich-methodischen Anforderungen bei der Konjunkturbereinigung Rechnung als auch
der notwendigen Transparenz, die im politischen und administrativen Prozess unabdingbar ist. Die nach diesem Verfahren geschätzten strukturellen Finanzierungssalden signalisieren vor allem eines: die Finanzpolitik war in den Jahren 1995 bis 2009 nicht nachhaltig und die Ländergesamtheit verschuldete sich in jedem Jahr strukturell. Nach den Kennziffern des Stabilitätsrates ergibt sich jedoch ein anderes Bild. Eine drohende Haushaltsnotlage wäre nur in wenigen Ländern signalisiert worden. Dies zeigt: Soll die Schuldenbremse gelingen, so besteht dringender Handlungsbedarf.
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The Dilemma of Delegating Search: Budgeting in Public Employment Services
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, J. T. Addison, T. Kuhn
IZA Discussion Papers, No. 5170,
No. 5170,
2010
Abstract
The poor performance often attributed to many public employment services may be explained in part by a delegation problem between the central office and local job centers. In markets characterized by frictions, job centers function as match-makers, linking job seekers with relevant vacancies. Because their search intensity in contacting employers and collecting data is not verifiable by the central authority, a typical moral hazard problem can arise. To overcome the delegation problem and provide high-powered incentives for high levels of search effort on the part of job centers, we propose output-related schemes that assign greater staff capacity to agencies achieving high strike rates.
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How Does Industry Specialization Affect the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Annals of Regional Science,
No. 1,
2010
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the specialization of a region in certain industries and the efficiency of the region in generating new knowledge. The efficiency measure is constructed by relating regional R&D input and output. An inversely u-shaped relationship is found between regional specialization and R&D efficiency, indicating the presence of externalities of both Marshall and Jacobs’ type. Further factors influencing efficiency are externalities resulting from high R&D intensity of the local private sector as well as knowledge from local public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors is, however, different for regions at different efficiency levels.
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Going Public to Acquire? The Acquisition Motive in IPOs
Ugur Celikyurt, Merih Sevilir, Anil Shivdasani
Journal of Financial Economics,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Newly public firms make acquisitions at a torrid pace. Their large acquisition appetites reflect the concentration of initial public offerings (IPOs) in mergers and acquisitions-(M&A-) intensive industries, but acquisitions by IPO firms also outpace those by mature firms in the same industry. IPO firms' acquisition activity is fueled by the initial capital infusion at the IPO and through the creation of an acquisition currency used to raise capital for both cash- and stock-financed acquisitions along with debt issuance subsequent to the IPO. IPO firms play a bigger role in the M&A process by participating as acquirers than they do as takeover targets, and acquisitions are as important to their growth as research and development (R&D) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The pattern of acquisitions following an IPO shapes the evolution of ownership structure of newly public firms.
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How an IPO Helps in M&A
Ugur Celikyurt, Merih Sevilir, Anil Shivdasani
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,
No. 2,
2010
Abstract
An initial public offering (IPO) can often provide a powerful stimulus to private companies seeking to pursue an acquisition-driven growth strategy. Based on a comprehensive analysis of U.S. IPOs, the authors show that newly public companies are prolific acquirers. Over 30% of companies conducting an IPO make at least one acquisition in their IPO year, and the typical IPO firm makes about four acquisitions during its first five years as a public company. IPOs facilitate M&A not only by providing infusions of capital but also by creating ongoing access to equity and debt markets for cash-financed deals. In addition, IPOs create an acquisition currency that can prove valuable in stock-financed deals when the shares are attractively priced. The authors also argue that IPOs improve the ability of companies to conduct M&A by resolving some of the valuation uncertainty facing privately held companies.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
Post-Communist Economies,
2010
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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