Foreign Ownership, Bank Information Environments, and the International Mobility of Corporate Governance
Yiwei Fang, Iftekhar Hasan, Woon Sau Leung, Qingwei Wang
Journal of International Business Studies,
No. 9,
2019
Abstract
This paper investigates how foreign ownership shapes bank information environments. Using a sample of listed banks from 60 countries over 1997–2012, we show that foreign ownership is significantly associated with greater (lower) informativeness (synchronicity) in bank stock prices. We also find that stock returns of foreign-owned banks reflect more information about future earnings. In addition, the positive association between price informativeness and foreign ownership is stronger for foreign-owned banks in countries with stronger governance, stronger banking supervision, and lower monitoring costs. Overall, our evidence suggests that foreign ownership reduces bank opacity by exporting governance, yielding important implications for regulators and governments.
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Trade, Misallocation, and Capital Market Integration
Laszlo Tetenyi
IWH-CompNet Discussion Papers,
No. 8,
2019
Abstract
I study how cross-country capital market integration affects the gains from trade in a model with financial frictions and heterogeneous, forward-looking firms. The model predicts that misallocation among exporters increases as trade barriers fall, even as misallocation decreases in the aggregate. The reason is that financially constrained productive exporters increase their production only marginally, while unproductive exporters survive for longer and increase their size. Allowing capital inflows magnifies misallocation, because unproductive firms expand even more, leading to a decline in aggregate productivity. Nevertheless, under integrated capital markets, access to cheaper capital dominates the adverse effect on productivity, leading to higher output, consumption and welfare than under closed capital markets. Applied to the period of European integration between 1992 and 2008, I find that underdeveloped sectors experiencing higher export exposure had more misallocation of capital and a higher share of unproductive firms, thus the data is consistent with the model’s predictions. A key implication of the model is that TFP is a poor proxy for consumption growth after trade liberalisation.
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What Drives the Commodity-Sovereign-Risk-Dependence in Emerging Market Economies?
Hannes Böhm, Stefan Eichler, Stefan Gießler
Abstract
Using daily data for 34 emerging markets in the period 1994-2016, we find robust evidence that higher export commodity prices are associated with higher sovereign bond returns (indicating lower sovereign risk). The economic effect is especially pronounced for heavy commodity exporters. Examining the drivers, we find, first, that commodity-dependence is higher for countries that export large volumes of volatile commodities and that the effect increases in times of recessions, high inflation, and expansionary U.S. monetary policy. Second, the importance of raw material prices for sovereign financing can likely be mitigated if a country improves institutions and tax systems, attracts FDI inflows, invests in manufacturing, machinery and infrastructure, builds up reserve assets and opens capital and trade accounts. Third, the concentration of commodities within a country’s portfolio, its government indebtedness or amount of received development assistance appear to be only of secondary importance for commodity-dependence.
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Firm-level Employment, Labour Market Reforms, and Bank Distress
Moritz Stieglitz, Ralph Setzer
Abstract
We explore the interaction between labour market reforms and financial frictions. Our study combines a new cross-country reform database on labour market reforms with matched firm-bank data for nine euro area countries over the period 1999 to 2013. While we find that labour market reforms are overall effective in increasing employment, restricted access to bank credit can undo up to half of long-term employment gains at the firm-level. Entrepreneurs without sufficient access to credit cannot reap the full benefits of more flexible employment regulation.
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Fehlende Fachkräfte in Deutschland – Unterschiede in den Betrieben und mögliche Erklärungsfaktoren: Ergebnisse aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel 2018
Eva Dettmann, Daniel Fackler, Steffen Müller, Georg Neuschäffer, Viktor Slavtchev, Ute Leber, Barbara Schwengler
IAB-Forschungsbericht 10/2019,
2019
Abstract
Seit der Überwindung der Wirtschaftskrise hat sich die wirtschaftliche Lage der Betriebe in West- und Ostdeutschland gleichermaßen verbessert. Gleichzeitig ist weiterhin ein positiver Beschäftigungstrend zu beobachten, der sich jedoch gegenüber dem Vorjahr etwas abgeschwächt hat. Der Fachkräftebedarf erreichte mit 2,7 Millionen Personen im Jahr 2018 einen neuen Höchststand. Nur noch etwa 60 Prozent des Bedarfs konnte gedeckt werden, was sich auch in einem erneuten Anstieg der Nichtbesetzungsquote äußert. Hinsichtlich der Verteilung dieses Indikators für Fachkräfteengpässe zeigen sich deutliche branchen- und größenspezifische Unterschiede in den Betrieben wie auch regionale Heterogenität. Mit mehr als der Hälfte unbesetzter Stellen ist im Baugewerbe und in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft der Fachkräfteengpass besonders akut. In einer multivariaten Analyse wird festgestellt, dass ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Fachkräfteengpässen und dem Einsatz von Leiharbeit, Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung sowie der Aus- oder Weiterbildungsbeteiligung eines Betriebes besteht. Die Tätigkeitsstruktur der Betriebe hat sich hinsichtlich formaler Qualifikationsanforderungen an die Beschäftigten in den vergangenen Jahren kaum verändert. Dagegen lässt sich ein deutlicher Trend zur Flexibilisierung der Arbeitsorganisation beobachten. So bieten etwa ein Viertel der Betriebe ihren Beschäftigten die Möglichkeit mobilen Arbeitens. Auch der Anteil der Teilzeitbeschäftigung nimmt bundesweit zu, insbesondere in Sektoren mit höherem Frauenanteil. Der Anteil geringfügiger Beschäftigung ist besonders hoch in Branchen, die eher unspezifische Qualifikationen erfordern oder stärker durch konjunkturelle und/oder saisonale Schwankungen gekennzeichnet sind – und in denen überdurchschnittliche Fachkräfteengpässe zu verzeichnen sind. Der Anteil ausbildungsberechtigter Betriebe ist im Jahr 2018 erstmals seit 2010 wieder gestiegen – in Gesamtdeutschland auf 54 Prozent. In Ostdeutschland liegt der Anteil mit 49 Prozent deutlich darunter. Unter den berechtigten Betrieben liegt die Ausbildungsbeteiligung seit mehreren Jahren relativ stabil bei etwa der Hälfte. Sowohl erfolgreich besetzte Ausbildungsplätze wie auch unbesetzte Ausbildungsstellen verteilen sich sehr heterogen auf die verschiedenen Branchen. Die Übernahmequote erfolgreicher Ausbildungsabsolventen liegt bei knapp drei Viertel. In Betrieben mit Fachkräfteengpass ist sowohl die Ausbildungsbeteiligung als auch die Übernahmequote höher, was darauf schließen lässt, dass hier die Berufsausbildung schon verstärkt zur Fachkräfterekrutierung eingesetzt wird. Hinsichtlich der Weiterbildungsbeteiligung lässt sich feststellen, dass unverändert etwa die Hälfte aller Betriebe sich an der Weiterbildung ihrer Beschäftigten beteiligt. Die Weiterbildungsquote der Beschäftigten liegt bei etwa einem Drittel, in Ostdeutschland etwas höher. Die vergleichsweise höhere Weiterbildungsquote von Beschäftigten auf Einfacharbeitsplätzen in Betrieben mit Fachkräfteengpass deutet darauf hin, dass hier gezielt interne Ressourcen zur Deckung des Fachkräftebedarfs genutzt werden.
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05.09.2019 • 18/2019
Downturn in Germany continues
Trade disputes are causing international trade in goods to decline this year. The manufacturing industry in Germany is particularly affected by this. However, a robust labour market is supporting the economy. According to IWH autumn economic forecast, German gross domestic product (GDP) will increase by 0.5% in 2019. At 1%, output growth in East Germany is likely to be significantly higher than in West Germany.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Deleveraging and Consumer Credit Supply in the Wake of the 2008–09 Financial Crisis
Reint E. Gropp, J. Krainer, E. Laderman
International Journal of Central Banking,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
We explore the sources of the decline in household nonmortgage debt following the collapse of the housing market in 2006. First, we use data from the Federal Reserve Board's Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey to document that, post-2006, banks tightened consumer lending standards more in counties that experienced a more pronounced house price decline (the pre-2006 "boom" counties). We then use the idea that renters did not experience an adverse wealth or collateral shock when the housing market collapsed to identify a general consumer credit supply shock. Our evidence suggests that a tightening of the supply of non-mortgage credit that was independent of the direct effects of lower housing collateral values played an important role in households' non-mortgage debt reduction. Renters decreased their non-mortgage debt more in boom counties than in non-boom counties, but homeowners did not. We argue that this wedge between renters and homeowners can only have arisen from a general tightening of banks' consumer lending stance. Using an IV approach, we trace this effect back to a reduction in bank capital of banks in boom counties.
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Does Extended Unemployment Benefit Duration Ameliorate the Negative Employment Effects of Job Loss?
Daniel Fackler, Jens Stegmaier, Eva Weigt
Labour Economics,
2019
Abstract
We study the effect of job displacement due to bankruptcies on earnings and employment prospects of displaced workers and analyse whether extended potential unemployment benefit duration (PBD) ameliorates the negative consequences of job loss. Using German administrative linked employer-employee data, we find that job loss has long-lasting negative effects on earnings and employment. Displaced workers also more often end up in irregular employment relationships (part-time, marginal part-time employment, and temporary agency work) than their non-displaced counterparts. Applying a regression discontinuity approach that exploits a three months PBD extension at the age threshold of 50 we find hardly any effects of longer PBD on labour market outcomes of displaced workers.
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Power Generation and Structural Change: Quantifying Economic Effects of the Coal Phase-out in Germany
Christoph Schult, Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller
Abstract
In the fight against global warming, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a major objective. In particular, a decrease in electricity generation by coal could contribute to reducing CO2 emissions. We study potential economic consequences of a coal phase-out in Germany, using a multi-region dynamic general equilibrium model. Four regional phase-out scenarios before the end of 2040 are simulated. We find that the worst case phase-out scenario would lead to an increase in the aggregate unemployment rate by about 0.13 [0.09 minimum; 0.18 maximum] percentage points from 2020 to 2040. The effect on regional unemployment rates varies between 0.18 [0.13; 0.22] and 1.07 [1.00; 1.13] percentage points in the lignite regions. A faster coal phase-out can lead to a faster recovery. The coal phase-out leads to migration from German lignite regions to German non-lignite regions and reduces the labour force in the lignite regions by 10,100 [6,300; 12,300] people by 2040. A coal phase-out until 2035 is not worse in terms of welfare, consumption and employment compared to a coal-exit until 2040
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HIP, RIP, and the Robustness of Empirical Earnings Processes
Florian Hoffmann
Quantitative Economics,
No. 3,
2019
Abstract
The dispersion of individual returns to experience, often referred to as heterogeneity of income profiles (HIP), is a key parameter in empirical human capital models, in studies of life‐cycle income inequality, and in heterogeneous agent models of life‐cycle labor market dynamics. It is commonly estimated from age variation in the covariance structure of earnings. In this study, I show that this approach is invalid and tends to deliver estimates of HIP that are biased upward. The reason is that any age variation in covariance structures can be rationalized by age‐dependent heteroscedasticity in the distribution of earnings shocks. Once one models such age effects flexibly the remaining identifying variation for HIP is the shape of the tails of lag profiles. Credible estimation of HIP thus imposes strong demands on the data since one requires many earnings observations per individual and a low rate of sample attrition. To investigate empirically whether the bias in estimates of HIP from omitting age effects is quantitatively important, I thus rely on administrative data from Germany on quarterly earnings that follow workers from labor market entry until 27 years into their career. To strengthen external validity, I focus my analysis on an education group that displays a covariance structure with qualitatively similar properties like its North American counterpart. I find that a HIP model with age effects in transitory, persistent and permanent shocks fits the covariance structure almost perfectly and delivers small and insignificant estimates for the HIP component. In sharp contrast, once I estimate a standard HIP model without age‐effects the estimated slope heterogeneity increases by a factor of thirteen and becomes highly significant, with a dramatic deterioration of model fit. I reach the same conclusions from estimating the two models on a different covariance structure and from conducting a Monte Carlo analysis, suggesting that my quantitative results are not an artifact of one particular sample.
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