A Study of the Competitiveness of Regions based on a Cluster Analysis: The Example of East Germany
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 179,
2003
Abstract
This paper examines whether some East German regions have already achieved the same economic capability as the regions in West Germany, so that they are on a competitive basis with the West German regions and are able to reach the same economic level in the long run. If this is not the case, it is important to know more about the reasons for the economic weakness of the East German regions twelve years after unification.
The study is based on a cluster analysis. Criteria for the cluster formation are several economic indicators, which provide information about the economic capability of regions. The choice of the indicators is based on a review of results of the theoretical and empirical literature on the new growth theory and new economic geography.
The results show that most of the East German regions have not yet reached the economic capability and competitiveness of their West German counterparts so that they - from the viewpoint of the new growth theory and the new economic geography - are not in the position to reach the same economic level. According to these theories economic disadvantages are most notably the consequences of less technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship and fewer business concentration. Under these points it is especially noteworthy that young well educated people leave these East German regions so that human capital might will turn into a bottle-neck in the near future. Only a few regions in East Germany - those with important agglomerations - are comparable to West German regions that are characterised by average capability and competitiveness, but not to those with above average economic capability and competitiveness. Even those more advanced East German regions still suffer from a slower technical progress.
There are important policy implications based on these results: regional policy in East Germany was not able to assist raising all regions to a sufficient level of competitiveness. It may be more effective to concentrate the regional policy efforts on a selection of important agglomerations. This has also strong implications for the EU regional policy assuming that the accession countries will have similar problems in catching up to the economic level of the EU as have the East German regions.
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Does Transparency of Central Banks Produce Multiple Equilibria on Currency Markets?
Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 178,
2003
Abstract
A recent strand of literature (see Morris and Shin 2001) shows that multiple equilibria in models of markets for pegged currencies vanish if there is slightly diverse information between traders. It is known that this approach works only if there is not too precise common knowledge in the market. This has led to the conclusion that central banks should try to avoid making their information common knowledge. We present a model in which more transparency of the central bank means better private information, because each trader utilizes public information according to her own private information. Thus, transparency makes multiple equilibria less likely.
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Markets for Bank Subordinated Debt and Equity in Basel Committee Member Countries
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
BCBS Working Papers, No. 12,
No. 12,
2003
Abstract
This Basel Committee working paper is a study of the markets for banks' securities in ten countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States). It aims at contributing to the assessment of the potential effectiveness of direct and indirect market discipline. This is achieved through collecting a rich set of data on the detailed characteristics of the instruments used by banks to tap capital markets, the frequency and size of their issuance activity, and the share of issuing banks in national banking systems. Further, information is collected on the amounts of debt and equity outstanding and about trading volumes and liquidity. Developments over the period from 1990-2001 are evaluated.
The paper focuses on subordinated bonds among banks' debt instruments, because they are the prime class of uninsured instruments suited to generate market discipline and have been proposed by some observers as a mandatory requirement for banks.
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Structurally Weak Regions as Locations for the Information and Communications Industry - The Example of Saxony-Anhalt
Rupert Kawka
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2003
Abstract
Im Artikel werden die IuK-Firmen in Sachsen-Anhalt mit der Benchmarkregion München verglichen, die bezüglich dieser Branche als die bestentwickelte deutsche Region gilt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die sachsen-anhaltinischen Firmen hinsichtlich ihrer Mitarbeiter- und Umsatzzahlen wesentlich kleiner als die Unternehmen in München sind, und sie bedienen auch nicht nur regionale Märkte, sondern sind auch national konkurrenzfähig. Allerdings zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Firmen in München wesentlich stärker international agieren als die sachsen-anhaltinischen Unternehmen.
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Recent Developments and Risks in the Euro Area Banking Sector
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
ECB Monthly Bulletin,
2002
Abstract
This article provides an overview of euro area banks’ exposure to risk and examines the effects of the cyclical downturn in 2001. It describes the extent to which euro area banks’ risk profile has changed as a result of recent structural developments, such as an increase in investment banking, mergers, securitisation and more sophisticated risk management techniques. The article stresses that the environment in which banks operated in 2001 was fairly complex due to the relatively weak economic performance of all major economies as well as the events of 11 September in the United States. It evaluates the effects of these adverse circumstances on banks’ stability and overall performance. The article provides bank balance sheet information as well as financial market prices, arguing that the latter may be useful when assessing the soundness of the banking sector in a forward-looking manner. It concludes with a review of the overall stability of euro area banks, pointing to robustness in the face of the adverse developments in 2001 and the somewhat improved forward-looking indicators of banks’ financial strength in early 2002.
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Bank-Firm Relationships and International Banking Markets
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
International Journal of the Economics of Business,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
This paper reviews how long-term relationships between firms and banks shape the structure and integration of banking markets worldwide. Bank relationships arise to span informational asymmetries that are endemic in financial markets. Firm-bank relationships not only entail specific benefits and costs for both the engaged firms and banks, but also directly affect the structure of banking markets. In particular, the sunk cost of screening and monitoring activities and the 'informational capital' collected by the incumbent banks may act as a barrier to entry. The intensity of the existing firm-bank relationships will determine the height of this barrier and shape the structure of international banking markets. For example, in Scandinavia where firms maintain few and strong relationships, foreign banks may only be able to enter successfully through mergers and acquisitions. On the other hand, Southern European firms maintain many bank relationships. Therefore, banks may consider entering Southern European banking markets through direct investment.
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Rating Agency Actions and the Pricing of Debt and Equity of European Banks: What Can we Infer About Private Sector Monitoring of Bank Soundness?
Reint E. Gropp, A. J. Richards
Economic Notes,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
The recent consultative papers by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has raised the possibility of an explicit role for external rating agencies in the assessment of the credit risk of banks’ assets, including interbank claims. Any judgement on the merits of this proposal calls for an assessment of the information contained in credit ratings and its relationship to other publicly available information on the financial health of banks and borrowers. We assess this issue via an event study of rating change announcements by leading international rating agencies, focusing on rating changes for European banks for which data on bond and equity prices are available. We find little evidence of announcement effects on bond prices, which may reflect the lack of liquidity in bond markets in Europe during much of our sample period. For equity prices, we find strong effects of ratings changes, although some of our results may suffer from contamination by contemporaneous news events. We also test for pre-announcement and post-announcement effects, but find little evidence of either. Overall, our results suggest that ratings agencies may perform a useful role in summarizing and obtaining non-public information on banks and that monitoring of banks’ risk through bond holders appears to be relatively limited in Europe. The relatively weak monitoring by bondholders casts some doubt on the effectiveness of a subordinated debt requirement as a supervisory tool in the European context, at least until bond markets are more developed.
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Evaluationsbericht: Das Internet strategisch richtig nutzen
Albrecht Kauffmann, P. J. J. Welfens, M. Vogelsang
Diskussionsbeiträge des Europäischen Instituts für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Universität Potsdam, Nr. 79,
No. 79,
2001
Abstract
Die Nutzung des Internet und der internetbasierten Dienstleistungen zu Informations- und Kommunikationszwecken ist bereits in vielen mittleren und größeren Unternehmen in Deutschland selbstverständlich geworden. Für andere mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) stellt die Anwendung des Internets eine Herausforderung dar, der sie sich kaum mehr entziehen können, wollen sie nicht Gefahr laufen, ihre im Wettbewerb erlangte Position einzubüßen. Das von der Europäischen Union und dem Land Nordrhein-Westfalen geförderte ADAPT2-Projekt „Das Internet strategisch richtig nutzen“ untersucht die Wirkung von Maßnahmen, die die KMU beim Einstieg in das Internet begleiten sollen. Es geht der Frage nach der Notwendigkeit staatlicher Förderung solcher Maßnahmen nach und liefert Anhaltspunkte für ihre inhaltlich zweckmäßige und quantitativ angemessene Ausgestaltung. Demonstriert werden Möglichkeiten und Ergebnisse der Unterstützung einer Gruppe kleiner und mittlerer nordrhein-westfälischer Maschinenbauunternehmen. Die Leitung des Projekts lag bei der ZENIT GmbH, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr; seine Durchführung erfolgte in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Europäischen Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW) an der Universität Potsdam. Dort erfolgte auch die Projektevaluation, welche sich im wesentlichen auf die Befragung sowohl der teilnehmenden Unternehmen gegen Ende der Förderung wie auch einer Gruppe von nichtteilnehmenden Unternehmen stützt. Es zeigte sich, daß geeignete Begleitmaßnahmen für die beteiligten KMUs
hilfreich waren; zudem zeigt sich weiterer Forschungs- und Beratungsbedarf.
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Misallocation of capital as a result of asymmetric distribution of information on credit markets
Ulrike Neyer
Schriften des IWH,
No. 7,
2000
Abstract
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Industry sketch: East German electrical industry
Siegfried Beer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2000
Abstract
Die elektronische Industrie gehört zu den Industriebranchen in Ostdeutschland mit dem stärksten Produktionswachstum. Dazu haben die verbesserte Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen, die Ansiedlung großer Konzerne und die kräftig gestiegene Nachfrage nach elektronischen Bauelementen und Erzeugnissen der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik beigetragen. Rund 40 % des Umsatzzuwachses von 1995 bis 1998 wurden aus Exporten erlöst.
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