Keeping the Bubble Alive! The Effects of Urban Renewal and Demolition Subsidies in the East German Housing Market
Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2009
Abstract
German urban renewal programs are favoring the cities in the Eastern part since the re-unification in 1990. This was accompanied additionally by attractive tax incentives, designed as an accelerated declining balance method of depreciation for housing investments during the late 1990s. The accumulated needs for comfortable housing after 40 years of a disastrous housing policy of the GDR era were generally accepted as justification for the subvention policy. But various subsidies and tax incentives caused a construction boom, false allocations, and a price bubble in Eastern Germany. After recognizing that the expansion of housing supply was not in line with the demographic development and that high vacancy rates were jeopardizing housing companies and their financial backers, policy changed in 2001. Up to now, the government provides demolition grants to reduce the vast oversupply. By means of a real option approach, it is ex-plained how different available forms of subsidies and economic incentives for landlords lift real estate values. The option value representing growth expectations and opportunities is calculated as an observable market value less an estimated fundamental value. Empirical results disclose higher option premiums for cities in Eastern Germany and a strong correlation of the option premium with urban renewal spending.
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Low Skill but High Volatility?
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2665,
2009
Abstract
Globalization may impose a double-burden on low-skilled workers. On the one hand, the relative supply of low-skilled labor increases. This suppresses wages of low-skilled workers and/or increases their unemployment rates. On the other hand, low-skilled workers typically face more limited access to financial markets than high-skilled workers. This limits their ability to smooth shocks to income intertemporally and to share risks across borders. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970 - 2004, we document how the volatility of hours worked and of wages of workers at different skill levels has changed over time. We develop a stylized theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence, and we test the predictions of the model. Our results show that greater financial globalization and development increases the volatility of employment, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers. A higher share of low-skilled employment has a dampening impact.
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Securitization and the Declining Impact of Bank Finance on Loan Supply: Evidence from Mortgage Originations
Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
Journal of Finance,
No. 2,
2009
Abstract
Low‐cost deposits and increased balance sheet liquidity raise banks' supply of illiquid loans more than loans easily sold or securitized. We exploit the inability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase jumbo mortgages to identify an exogenous change in liquidity. The volume of jumbo mortgage originations relative to nonjumbo originations increases with bank holdings of liquid assets and decreases with bank deposit costs. This result suggests that the increasing depth of the mortgage secondary market fostered by securitization has reduced the effect of lender's financial condition on credit supply.
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Is the European Monetary Union an Endogenous Currency Area? The Example of the Labor Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Our study tries to find out whether wage dynamics between Euro member countries became more synchronized through the adoption of the common currency. We calculate bivarate correlation coefficients of wage and wage cost dynamics and run a model of endogenously induced changes of coefficients, which are explained by other variables being also endogenous: trade intensity, sectoral specialization, financial integration. We used a panel data structure to allow for cross-section weights for country-pair observations. We use instrumental variable regressions in order to disentangle exogenous from endogenous influences. We applied these techniques to real and nominal wage dynamics and to dynamics of unit labor costs. We found evidence for persistent asymmetries in nominal wage formation despite a single currency and monetary policy, responsible for diverging unit labor costs and for emerging trade imbalances among the EMU member countries.
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Mittel- und Osteuropa wird von der globalen Finanzkrise angesteckt
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Noch bis zum Ende des Frühjahrs 2008 schien es, als würden die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder von der globalen Finanzkrise nicht allzu stark getroffen zu werden. Zwar hatte die ungarische Regierung das seit einigen Jahren bestehende Wechselkursband für den Forint im Februar aufgeben müssen, zwar nahmen die Inflationsraten in allen Ländern ebenso wie in der gesamten EU nicht zuletzt wegen der spekulativen Preisentwicklungen auf den Rohstoffmärkten zu, auch kam es zu erheblichen Rückgängen der Kurse an den wichtigsten Börsenplätzen, aber insgesamt fielen diese Bewegungen schwächer aus als in den „alten“ EU-Ländern und der Gesamtheit der emerging markets.
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Die Vermeidung von CO2 und das EEG – eine unnötig teure Lösung – ein Kommentar
Henry Dannenberg, Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
In Deutschland existiert mit dem Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) ein Instrument, das auch die Senkung von CO2-Emissionen zum Zweck hat. Die Sinnhaftigkeit dieses Gesetzes wird in jüngster Zeit in der deutschen Medienlandschaft vehement in Zweifel gezogen. Es wird bemängelt, dass die Verschmutzungsrechte, die aufgrund der mit dem EEG eingesparten CO2-Emissionen frei werden, verkauft werden können. So würden die eingesparten Emissionen in gleicher Menge an anderer Stelle entstehen. Der CO2-Zertifikatehandel wurde 2005 als Instrument der europäischen Klimapolitik eingeführt. Ziel ist es, zu erreichen, dass eine von der Politik für einen bestimmten Zeitraum vorgegebene Emissionsmenge nicht überschritten wird. Der Emissionshandel wurde deshalb gewählt, da durch dieses Instrument genau dort Emissionen eingespart werden, wo die Reduktion am kosteneffizientesten ist. Durch die sukzessive Reduktion der von der Politik erlaubten CO2-Menge soll so ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz geleistet werden. Leider trifft die Kritik am EEG nicht immer den eigentlichen Kern. Es ist wenig zielführend, darüber zu streiten, ob die durch das EEG eingesparten Zertifikate in Deutschland oder in Polen verbraucht werden – das ist ein Effekt des Emissionshandels. Relevant hingegen ist die Frage, ob es effizient ist, durch das EEG CO2 einzusparen, oder ob dieselbe Menge CO2 preiswerter an anderer Stelle eingespart werden kann. Mit der Einführung des CO2-Zertifikatehandels hat die Politik aber anerkannt, dass der Markt am besten in der Lage ist, die Investitionsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren, mit denen eine gewünschte Reduktionsmenge am preiswertesten realisiert werden kann. Sobald die Politik durch Anreize diesen Allokationsmechanismus stört, mindert sie die gesamtwirtschaftliche Wohlfahrt.
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Why Do Payday Lenders Enter Local Markets? Evidence from Oregon
H. Evren Damar
Review of Industrial Organization,
No. 2,
2009
Abstract
This study analyzes payday lenders’ entry strategies in the state of Oregon in order to look for changes in the nature of the industry and its relationship to traditional financial institutions. The results of fixed-effects logit regressions suggest that payday lenders have started to enter areas already being served by banks. Furthermore, the presence of “incumbent advantage” in entry decisions may also have implications concerning the level of competition in the industry. Finally, since payday lenders also enter areas with large Hispanic populations, it is still possible that payday loans represent the sole source of credit for certain segments of the population.
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Dynamic Order Submission Strategies with Competition between a Dealer Market and a Crossing Network
Hans Degryse, Mark Van Achter, Gunther Wuyts
Journal of Financial Economics,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
We analyze a dynamic microstructure model in which a dealer market (DM) and a crossing network (CN) interact for three informational settings. A key result is that coexistence of trading systems generates systematic patterns in order flow, which depend on the degree of transparency. Further, we study overall welfare, measured by the gains from trade of all agents, and compare it with the maximum overall welfare. The discrepancy between both measures is attributable to two inefficiencies. Due to these inefficiencies, introducing a CN next to a DM, as well as increasing the transparency level, not necessarily produces greater overall welfare.
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Stages of the 2007/2008 Global Financial Crisis: Is there a Wandering Asset Price Bubble?
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Economics E-Journal 43. Munich Personal RePEc Archive 2008,
2009
Abstract
This study identifies five distinctive stages of the current global financial crisis: the meltdown of the subprime mortgage market; spillovers into broader credit market; the liquidity crisis epitomized by the fallout of Northern Rock, Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers with counterparty risk effects on other financial institutions; the commodity price bubble, and the ultimate demise of investment banking in the U.S. The study argues that the severity of the crisis is influenced strongly by changeable allocations of global savings coupled with excessive credit creation, which lead to over-pricing of varied types of assets. The study calls such process a “wandering asset-price bubble“. Unstable allocations elevate market, credit, and liquidity risks. Monetary policy responses aimed at stabilizing financial markets are proposed.
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