Transparency and Forecasting: The Impact of Conditioning Assumptions on Forecast Accuracy
Katja Heinisch, Christoph Schult, Carola Stapper
Applied Economic Letters,
forthcoming
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of inaccurate assumptions on economic forecast precision. We construct a new dataset comprising an unbalanced panel of annual German GDP forecasts from various institutions, taking into account their underlying assumptions. We explicitly control for different forecast horizons to reflect the information available at the time of release. Our analysis reveals that approximately 75% of the variation in squared forecast errors can be attributed to the variation in squared errors of the initial assumptions. This finding emphasizes the importance of accurate assumptions in economic forecasting and suggests that forecasters should transparently disclose their assumptions to enhance the usefulness of their forecasts in shaping effective policy recommendations.
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Energiepreisschock überlagert Fiskalimpuls – Wachstumskräfte versiegen
Geraldine Dany-Knedlik, Oliver Holtemöller, Stefan Kooths, Torsten Schmidt, Timo Wollmershäuser
Wirtschaftsdienst,
Vol. 106 (4),
2026
Abstract
Nach einem mehrjährigen Abschwung hat im Verlauf des vergangenen Jahres eine Erholung in Deutschland eingesetzt. Während die exportorientierte Industrie angesichts weiter abnehmender Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, hoher geopolitischer Unsicherheit und handelspolitischer Belastungen kaum Tritt fasste, wurde die Erholung maßgeblich von der Binnenwirtschaft getragen. Der Energiepreisschock, der durch den Iran-Krieg ausgelöst wurde, dämpft die Erholung, dürfte sie aber nicht vollständig zum Erliegen bringen. Dafür sorgt der erheblich expansive Kurs der Finanzpolitik, der vor allem Unternehmen der Verteidigungsindustrie und des Tiefbaus stützt. Im Großteil des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes bleibt die Lage jedoch verhalten. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt dürfte in diesem Jahr um 0,6 % und im Jahr 2027 um 0,9 % zunehmen, nachdem die Wirtschaftsleistung im Vorjahr mit einem Anstieg von 0,2 % kaum mehr als stagniert hat. Im Vergleich zum Herbstgutachten 2025 haben die an der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose beteiligten Institute damit ihre Prognose für das laufende Jahr deutlich um 0,6 Prozentpunkte und für das kommende Jahr um 0,4 Prozentpunkte nach unten korrigiert.
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01.04.2026 • 9/2026
Energy price shock dampens recovery – inflation rises
Although the leading economic research institutes consider the German economy to be in a recovery phase following a downturn lasting several years, they nevertheless expect only a moderate increase in gross domestic product of 0.6% for 2026 and 0.9% for 2027. “The energy price shock triggered by the Iran war is hitting the recovery hard, but at the same time expansionary fiscal policy is bolstering the domestic economy and preventing a stronger slide,” says Timo Wollmershäuser, Head of Forecasts at the ifo Institute. The institutes estimate that the inflation rate will rise to an average of 2.8% in 2026 and 2.9% in 2027.
Oliver Holtemöller
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Zwölf-Punkte-Kompass zur Überwindung der deutschen Wachstumsschwäche
Geraldine Dany-Knedlik, Oliver Holtemöller, Stefan Kooths, Torsten Schmidt, Timo Wollmershäuser
Wirtschaftsdienst,
forthcoming
Abstract
Die Projektgruppe Gemeinschaftsdiagnose prognostiziert für das Jahr 2025 einen leichten Zuwachs des Bruttoinlandsprodukts in Deutschland um 0,2 %. Im weiteren Prognosezeitraum stimuliert die expansive Finanzpolitik die Konjunktur. Die Institute prognostizieren für die kommenden beiden Jahre Expansionsraten von 1,3 % und 1,4 %. Strukturelle Probleme wie abnehmende Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der demografische Wandel bleiben bestehen. Um Wachstumsperspektiven für die deutsche Wirtschaft zu schaffen, bedarf es einer umfangreichen Reformpolitik. Zur Orientierung präsentieren die Institute einen Zwölf-Punkte-Kompass für den Herbst der Reformen.
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25.09.2025 • 29/2025
Fiscal policy will stimulate the East German economy next year – Economic Forecast Fall 2025 for the East German economy
In 2025, the economy in East Germany, as in Germany as a whole, is likely to do little more than stagnate. In the coming year, fiscal policy measures will stimulate the economy, but their effects are likely to be somewhat weaker than in Germany as a whole. The Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) expects the expansion rate of the East German economy in 2025 to be at 0.3%, slightly higher than that of Germany as a whole (0.2%). In both following years, it will rise to 1.1% and 1.2% respectively, which is slightly less than in the west.
Oliver Holtemöller
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25.09.2025 • 28/2025
Joint Economic Forecast Autumn 2025: Fiscal stimulus masks structural weakness
The German economy is emerging from the trough and is likely to regain some momentum over the next two years. Following stagnation in the first half of the year, the Joint Economic Forecast project group predicts gross domestic product growth of 0.2% for the current year in its fall report. In the next two years, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to accelerate economic growth noticeably to 1.3% and 1.4%, respectively. This means that the institutes' forecast for this year and next remains roughly unchanged from the spring report. “The German economy is still on shaky ground,” says Dr Geraldine Dany-Knedlik, head of the Forecasting and Economic Policy Division at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). “It will recover noticeably in the next two years. However, given ongoing structural weaknesses, this momentum will not last.”
Oliver Holtemöller
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Assumption Errors and Forecast Accuracy: A Partial Linear Instrumental Variable and Double Machine Learning Approach
Katja Heinisch, Fabio Scaramella, Christoph Schult
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 6,
2025
Abstract
Accurate macroeconomic forecasts are essential for effective policy decisions, yet their precision depends on the accuracy of the underlying assumptions. This paper examines the extent to which assumption errors affect forecast accuracy, introducing the average squared assumption error (ASAE) as a valid instrument to address endogeneity. Using double/debiased machine learning (DML) techniques and partial linear instrumental variable (PLIV) models, we analyze GDP growth forecasts for Germany, conditioning on key exogenous variables such as oil price, exchange rate, and world trade. We find that traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques systematically underestimate the influence of assumption errors, particularly with respect to world trade, while DML effectively mitigates endogeneity, reduces multicollinearity, and captures nonlinearities in the data. However, the effect of oil price assumption errors on GDP forecast errors remains ambiguous. These results underscore the importance of advanced econometric tools to improve the evaluation of macroeconomic forecasts.
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26.09.2024 • 26/2024
Joint Economic Forecast 2/2024: German economy in transition ‒ weak momentum, low potential growth
The Joint Economic Forecast Project Group forecasts a 0.1% decline in Germany's gross domestic product in 2024. Looking further ahead, the institutes expect a weak recovery with growth of 0.8% (2025) and 1.3% (2026). Compared to the spring forecast, this represents a down-ward revision of 0.2 (2024) and 0.6 (2025) percentage points. “In addition to the economic downturn, the German economy is also being weighed down by structural change,” says Dr Geraldine Dany-Knedlik, head of Forecasting and Economic Policy at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). “Decarbonisation, digitalisation, and demographic change – alongside stronger competition with companies from China – have triggered structural adjustment processes that are dampening the long-term growth prospects of the German economy.”
Oliver Holtemöller
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