Der Klimawandel wirkt sich zunehmend auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in aller Welt aus. Ärmere Haushalte sind dabei den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels stärker ausgesetzt und verletzlicher, sodass der Klimawandel die Ungleichheit wahrscheinlich noch verstärken wird. Politische Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Treibhausgasemissionen können eine Verschärfung des Klimawandels verhindern, schaffen aber auch ökonomische Gewinner und Verlierer. In diesem Beitrag werden die kombinierten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und ausgewählter politischer Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Treibhausgasemissionen auf die wirtschaftliche Ungleichheit untersucht. Die Bewertung erfolgt anhand von acht Modellen für die integrierte Analyse von Klimawandel und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung, die von verschiedenen Forscherteams unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Annahmen und Methoden entwickelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf historischen Daten und Zukunftsszenarien für zehn Länder in unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstadien. Die Umsetzung einer ehrgeizigen Klimapolitik im Einklang mit dem Pariser Abkommen führt demnach zu einer geringeren Ungleichheit in der Zukunft als der Verzicht auf Maßnahmen zur Milderung des Klimawandels, auch wenn die Ungleichheit aufgrund der Kosten für die Reduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen kurzfristig zunimmt. Die Verwendung der Einnahmen aus der Kohlenstoffbepreisung kann dazu beitragen, die Verteilungseffekte der Klimapolitik zu dämpfen und die Ungleichheit kurzfristig sogar zu verringern. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Rolle von Ausgleichsmechanismen bei der Gestaltung einer fairen und politisch durchsetzbaren Klimapolitik.

Spatial segregation of low- and high-wage workers is a persistent economic issue with broad social implications. Using social security data and an AKM wage decomposition, this paper examines spatial wage inequality in West Germany. Spatial inequality in log wages rose sharply between 1998 and 2008, mainly due to increased variance in worker pay premiums across regions (48%) and stronger positive spatial assortative matching of workers and establishments (40%), i.e. colocation. Changes in establishment wage premia are mostly unrelated to rising colocation whereas labor mobility even reduced it. Instead, growth in worker pay premiums among stayers was concentrated in regions where high-wage workers and high-wage establishments were overrepresented already in the 1990s and, thus, magnified pre-existing colocation leading to ‘colocation without relocation’. Germany’s rising trade surplus, especially with Eastern Europe, boosted stayers’ worker pay premiums in those ex-ante high-wage regions and fully explains rising colocation.

This paper examines the macroeconomic and distributional effects of the European Union’s transition to Net Zero emissions through a gradually increasing carbon tax. I develop a New Keynesian Environmental DSGE model with two household types and distinct energy and non-energy sectors. Five alternative uses of carbon tax revenues are considered: equal transfers to households, targeted transfers to Hand-to-Mouth households, subsidies to green energy firms, and reductions in labor and capital income taxes. In the absence of technological progress, the carbon tax policy induces a persistent increase in energy prices and a reduction in GDP, investment, and consumption. Headline inflation falls below zero in the medium run, reflecting weaker aggregate demand. Distributional outcomes vary significantly depending on the implemented revenue recycling scheme: targeted transfers are the most progressive but entail larger macroeconomic costs, while subsidies and tax cuts mitigate output and investment losses but are less effective in narrowing the consumption gap. A limited foresight scenario, in which agents learn about policy targets sequentially, generates more volatile adjustment paths and temporary inflationary spikes around announcements, but long-run outcomes remain close to the baseline.

Climate policy design must balance emissions mitigation with concerns for fairness, particularly as climate change disproportionately affects the poorest households within and across countries. Integrated Assessment Models used for global climate policy evaluation have so far typically not considered inequality effects within countries. To fill this gap, we develop a global Integrated Assessment Model representing national economies and subnational income, mitigation cost, and climate damage distribution and assess a range of climate policy schemes with varying levels of effort sharing across countries and households. The schemes are consistent with limiting temperature increases to 2 °C and account for the possibility to use carbon tax revenues to address distributional effects within and between countries. We find that carbon taxation with redistribution improves global welfare and reduces inequality, with the most substantial gains achieved under uniform taxation paired with global per capita transfers. A Loss and Damage mechanism offers significant welfare improvements in vulnerable countries while requiring only a modest share of global carbon revenues in the medium term. The poorest households within all countries may benefit from the transfer scheme, in particular when some redistribution is made at the country level. Our findings underscore the potential for climate policy to advance both environmental and social goals, provided revenue recycling mechanisms are effectively implemented. In particular, they demonstrate the feasibility of a welfare improving global climate policy involving limited international redistribution.

Why are children with lower socioeconomic status (SES) substantially less likely to be enrolled in child care? We study whether barriers in the application process work against lower-SES children — the group known to benefit strongest from child care enrollment. In an RCT in Germany with highly subsidized child care (N = 607), we offer treated families information and personal assistance for applications. We find substantial, equity-enhancing effects of the treatment, closing half of the large SES gap in child care enrollment. Increased enrollment for lower-SES families is likely driven by altered application knowledge and behavior. We discuss scalability of our intervention and derive policy implications for the design of universal child care programs.

Wage mobility reduces the persistence of wage inequality. We develop a framework to quantify the contribution of employer-to-employer movers to aggregate wage mobility. Using three decades of German social security data, we find that inequality increased while aggregate wage mobility decreased. Employer-to-employer movers exhibit higher wage mobility, mainly due to changes in employer wage premia at job change. The massive structural changes following German unification temporarily led to a high number of movers, which in turn boosted aggregate wage mobility. Wage mobility is much lower at the bottom of the wage distribution, and the decline in aggregate wage mobility since the 1980s is concentrated there. The overall decline can be mostly attributed to a reduction in wage mobility per mover, which is due to a compositional shift toward lower-wage movers.