Eine der größten Sorgen sowohl der aktuellen als auch der vorhergehenden Regierung ist es, in Deutschland wichtige Industrieproduktion zu erhalten beziehungsweise neu anzusiedeln. Dabei geht es um eine breite Palette von Sektoren: Halbleiter, Batterien, Chemie, Stahl, Pharmazeutika oder Elektroautos. Basierend auf diesem Ziel werden signifikante Subventionen gerechtfertigt, etwa Einzelsubventionen in Milliardenhöhe für individuelle Unternehmen (Intel, TSMC) oder generelle Vergünstigungen wie der Industriestrompreis. Deutschland ist mit dieser Sorge nicht allein; auch die USA, die EU, Indien, Indonesien und viele weitere Länder versuchen, Anreize für inländische Produktion zu schaffen.

In Chapter 1, I combine longitudinal administrative firm-level data from Germany with 8,000 local tax changes for identification to show that local tax hikes (cuts) increase (decrease) the local manufacturing share. Firm-level results reveal that this is due to wage, employment, firm entry, and labor productivity in the service sector being more responsive to a tax shock than in manufacturing. With this evidence in mind, I calibrate a two-sector model with heterogeneous firms and profit tax to show that, owing to different structural parameters, a corporate tax cut disproportionately benefits service firms, contributing to the sectoral reallocation from manufacturing to service. In Chapter 2, we derive a European Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index from 15 micro-aggregated country datasets. We show that European concentration rose due to a reallocation of economic activity towards large and concentrated industries. Over the same period, productivity gains from an increasing allocative efficiency of the European market accounted for 50% of European productivity growth while markups stayed constant. Using country-industry variation, we show that changes in concentration are positively associated with changes in productivity and allocative efficiency. This holds across most sectors and countries and supports the notion that rising concentration in Europe reflects a more efficient market environment rather than weak competition and rising market power. In chapter 3, We study the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic and related policy support on productivity. We employ an extensive micro-distributed exercise to access otherwise unavailable individual data on firm performance and government subsidies. Our cross-country evidence for five EU countries shows that the pandemic led to a significant short-term decline in aggregate productivity and the direct support to firms had only a limited positive effect on productivity developments.