The Role of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Foreign Investors in Post-Socialist Economies
Benedikt Schnellbächer, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 4,
2009
Abstract
We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regime-gap vis-à-vis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catch-up development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EU-project, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the in influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPR-sensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPR-sensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict.
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Stages of the Ongoing Global Financial Crisis: Is There a Wandering Asset Bubble?
Lucjan T. Orlowski
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 11,
2008
Abstract
This study argues that the severity of the current global financial crisis is strongly influenced by changeable allocations of the global savings. This process is named a “wandering asset bubble”. Since its original outbreak induced by the demise of the subprime mortgage market and the mortgage-backed securities in the U.S., this crisis has reverberated across other credit areas, structured financial products and global financial institutions. Four distinctive stages of the crisis are identified: the meltdown of the subprime mortgage market, spillovers into broader credit market, the liquidity crisis epitomized by the fallout of Bear Sterns with some contagion effects on other financial institutions, and the commodity price bubble. Monetary policy responses aimed at stabilizing financial markets are proposed.
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Monetary Policy and Financial (In)stability: An Integrated Micro–Macro Approach
Ferre De Graeve, Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.
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To Whom to Peg? Evaluating the Optimum Currency Area for the Ruble
Stefan Eichler, Alexander Karmann
Der Einfluss der Globalisierung auf die wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Entwicklung - betrachtet aus russischer und deutscher Perspektive,
2008
Abstract
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Three methods of forecasting currency crises: Which made the run in signaling the South African currency crisis of June 2006?
Tobias Knedlik, Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2007
Abstract
In this paper we test the ability of three of the most popular methods to forecast the South African currency crisis of June 2006. In particular we are interested in the out-ofsample performance of these methods. Thus, we choose the latest crisis to conduct an out-of-sample experiment. In sum, the signals approach was not able to forecast the outof- sample crisis of correctly; the probit approach was able to predict the crisis but just with models, that were based on raw data. Employing a Markov-regime-switching approach also allows to predict the out-of-sample crisis. The answer to the question of which method made the run in forecasting the June 2006 currency crisis is: the Markovswitching approach, since it called most of the pre-crisis periods correctly. However, the “victory” is not straightforward. In-sample, the probit models perform remarkably well and it is also able to detect, at least to some extent, out-of-sample currency crises before their occurrence. It can, therefore, not be recommended to focus on one approach only when evaluating the risk for currency crises.
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asset price inflation
Tobias Knedlik, A. Knorr
Systeme monetärer Steuerung - Analyse und Vergleich geldpolitischer Strategien - Schriften zu Ordnungsfragen der Wirtschaft, Band 86,
No. 86,
2007
Abstract
Es ist den wichtigsten Notenbanken in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten sehr erfolgreich gelungen, die Inflationsrate dauerhaft auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau zu stabilisieren. Im gleichen Zeitraum stiegen allerdings die Preise vieler Vermögensgüter erheblich an. Wirtschaftspolitisch problematisch wäre diese Entwicklung allerdings nur, wenn dieser rapide Preisanstieg nicht nur Veränderungen der Fundamentalfaktoren widerspiegelt, sondern im Wesentlichen auf spekulative Übertreibungen zurückzuführen ist. Die Zahl spekulativer Blasen hat in der jüngeren Vergangenheit nachweislich zugenommen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, den wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsbedarf bei Vermögenspreisinflationen zu ermitteln. Dazu werden die relevanten Märkte für Assetgüter identifiziert, die Grundlagen der Preisbildung auf diesen Märkten herausgearbeitet, unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Übertragungsmechanismen die möglichen Auswirkungen von Vermögenspreisinflationen auf die gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung diskutiert, die Eignung der Geldpolitik sowie alternativer wirtschaftspolitischer Instrumente zur Abwehr solcher gesamtwirtschaftlicher Störungen erörtert, die aus einer Vermögenspreisinflation herrühren. Wie sich zeigt, lässt sich einer inflationären Entwicklung der Preise von Vermögensgütern, einmal in Gang gekommen, mit dem Instrumentarium der Geldpolitik kaum noch wirksam begegnen. Umso größere Bedeutung kommt deshalb den verfügbaren wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsalternativen zu: der genauen Analyse des monetären Umfelds und, damit eng verknüpft, einer offensiven Informationspolitik seitens der Notenbank, verbesserte aufsichtsrechtliche Instrumente und die Schaffung bzw. Stärkung derjenigen Institutionen, derer es bedarf, um die mit Vermögenspreisinflationen typischerweise einhergehenden Risiken optimal diversifizieren zu können sowie den daraus ebenfalls resultierenden Strukturanpassungen zu den geringsten gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kosten zu bewältigen.
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Geldpolitische Strategien im Umbruch
Diemo Dietrich, Albrecht F. Michler
Systeme monetärer Steuerung - Analyse und Vergleich geldpolitischer Strategien. Schriften zu Ordnungsfragen der Wirtschaft, Band 86,
No. 86,
2007
Abstract
Geldpolitische Strategien, insbesondere die der EZB, sind in jüngerer Vergangenheit verstärkt in den Fokus der öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Debatte gelangt. Nach einer Einführung in konzeptionelle Grundlagen geldpolitischer Strategien vergleicht die vorliegende Arbeit mit Inflationssteuerung und Geldmengensteuerung die beiden vorherrschenden geldpolitischen Stratgien. Kriterien sind hierbei unter anderem die Modellierung des Transmissionsmechanismus, die Rolle von Erwartungen, die Bedeutung nominaler Anker sowie Transparenz und Verantwortlichkeit. Den Abschluß bildet eine kritische Würdigung der aktuellen EZB-Strategie.
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Inflation and relative price variability in the euro area: evidence from a panel threshold model
Dieter Nautz, Juliane Scharff
Bundesbank Discussion Paper, No. 14/2006,
2006
Abstract
In recent macroeconomic theory, relative price variability (RPV) generates the
central distortions of inflation. This paper provides first evidence on the empirical
relation between inflation and RPV in the euro area focusing on threshold effects
of inflation. We find that expected inflation significantly increases RPV if inflation
is either very low (below -1.38% p.a.) or very high (above 5.94% p.a.). In the
intermediate regime, however, expected inflation has no distorting effects which
supports price stability as an outcome of optimal monetary policy.
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Estimating Monetary Policy Rules for South Africa
Tobias Knedlik
South African Journal of Economics,
2006
Abstract
Das Papier kombiniert die Schätzung des Monetary Conditions Index (MCI) mit einem theoretischen Modell zur optimalen Geldpolitik in Südafrika. Die grundlegende Idee des Beitrags ist, dass die Geldpolitik nicht nur ein Interesse an stabilen monetären Bedingungen im Inlandsbezug, sondern auch an externer Stabilität hat. Im Papier wird das Konzept des MCI vorgestellt und der relative Einfluss von Zins und Wechselkurs auf die Outputlücke geschätzt. Die geschätzten Gewichte sind 1.9:1. Die Schätzergebnisse werden zur Spezifizierung von Operating Targets-Regeln der südafrikanischen Geldpolitik verwendet.
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Signaling Currency Crises in South Africa
Tobias Knedlik
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 19,
2006
Abstract
Currency crises episodes of 1996, 1998, and 2001 are used to identify common country specific causes of currency crises in South Africa. The paper identifies crises by the use of an Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index as introduced by Eichengreen, Rose and Wyplosz (1996). It extends the Signals Approach introduced by Kaminsky and Reinhart (1996, 1998) by developing a composite indicator in order to measure the evolution of currency crisis risk in South Africa. The analysis considers the standard suspects from international currency crises and country specifics as identified by the Myburgh Commission (2002) and current literature as potentially relevant indicators.
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