Demographic development and its economic consequences
Joachim Ragnitz, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
Within the next decades, East Germany will continue to face strong demographic challenges. In addition to shrinking, the ageing of population and labour force will more and more affect the economic development of the new Länder. Against this background, the question rises whether the shift of workforce age structure will influence growth and innovation potential as well as structural change. The IWH recently has focused on this topic widely ignored by the research literature so far. On the basis of selected methods and data, the economic impact of workforce ageing was empirically evaluated. The first issue concerns the impact of age on productivity. Based on two separate empirical investigations, the conclusion can be drawn that above a certain stage, age diminishes productivity. But higher levels of experience might partly compensate for this reduction. Secondly, the innovation effects of ageing have been analyzed. Again, significant age effects arise. Employees at the age of about 40 years turn out to be the most innovative part of the workforce. Furthermore, the analysis shows that engineers are particularly subject to age effects. A third study sheds light on the challenging consequences of ageing on entrepreneurship potential. Hence, independently of the increasing problem of skill shortages, ageing itself will unfavourably affect growth, innovation and structural change. Though political options are limited due to the more or less fixed demographic trends, appropriate instruments regarding economic, family and education policy might lower the identified age effects.
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Urban Renewal in Saxony: A Need for a more Problem-orientated Allocation of Subsidies!
Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
Currently, the political discussion of urban renewal in East Germany focuses more and more on new strategies to solve the problems of urban decline and vacancies on the housing market. Since 2001, the demolition of housing has been subsidized with approximately one billion Euros. Critics of this strategy argue that the continuation of demolition leads to a fragmentation of cities and a loss of urban functions. Therefore, they suggest to focus more on revitalization of residential quarters and to allocate more subsidies to improve neighbourhoods as well as residential amenities to lower housing vacancies.
This article argues that on the one hand, the overall housing vacancy-rates cannot be lowered with the current instruments of urban revitalization. Even though, there is a chance to attract citizens from the periphery of cities. This means to redistribute housing vacancies instead of an overall reduction. On the other hand, this strategy needs to be clearly focused on selected cities in which a potential of immigration exists. However, empirical results from Saxony suggest a different picture: The allocation of subsidies for urban revitalization shows no identifiable pattern. Therefore, the author proposes to refocus the policy of urban redevelopment.
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Aktuelle Trends: Jeder fünfte abhängige Beschäftigte im Osten verdient weniger als 7,50 Euro je Stunde
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
In der aktuellen Debatte zur Einführung eines Mindestlohns werden verschiedene Vorschläge zur Ausgestaltung und zu dessen Höhe genannt. Vielfach wird ein Mindeststundenlohn von 7,50 Euro diskutiert. Das entspräche bei einer 40-Stunden-Woche ca. 1 300 Euro brutto monatlich. Eine aktuelle Auszählung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels durch das IWH ergab, daß im Jahr 2006 in Ostdeutschland fast jeder fünfte und in Westdeutschland jeder zwölfte abhängig Beschäftigte weniger als 7,50 Euro je Stunde verdiente. Im Jahr 2000 befanden sich in Ostdeutschland 25% und in Westdeutschland 9% in dieser Gruppe. In Frankreich mit einem dem deutschen ähnlichen Sozialsystem erhielten 16,8% der Beschäftigten den Mindestlohn in Höhe von 1 254 Euro je Monat. In Spanien hingegen liegt der monatliche Mindestlohn bei 666 Euro und wurde 2005 von weniger als einem Prozent der Arbeitnehmer bezogen.
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The Maximum Level of Fines Restricts the Effect of European Competition Law
Henry Dannenberg, Nicole Steinat
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
In 2006, the fining guidelines for competition law infringements were completely renewed. The aim of this reform was twofold: on the one hand to decrease the incentive for cartelization and on the other hand to increase the likelihood of cartel detection.
The article studies how company’s decision for or against a cartel is influenced by these guidelines. We show that due to the maximum level of fines – which refers to the worldwide group turnover - an effective deterrence level can be achieved only for those companies, which realize just a small part of their turnover in the relevant market. Their incentive to blow the whistle increases with the cartel duration. This leads to a rising instability of cartels where one member generates only a small part of its turnover in the relevant market. In contrast, the deterrence level for companies that realize a large part of their sales in the relevant market is quite low due to the maximum level of fines.
The article gives a short overview of the risk factor competition law – from a company perspective. We illustrate how the expenditures related to cartel law infringements can be calculated. Further on, the minimum profit margins that are necessary for an economically advantageous cartel are determined. We show that for certain types of cartels already small rates of return are sufficient to make cartel participation attractive.
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Culture as a Base for Efficient Economic Systems
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
Globalization puts the German economic model, the so-called social market economy, under pressure. Constituting elements of this model are fundamental social and economic values. Globalization puts some of these values under pressure and creates inefficiencies because the costs of running the social and economic fabric rise. This is an important justification to inquire into the normative foundations of economic efficiency The following article discusses to what extent culture is a base for efficient economic systems. Information theory is regarded as a key element for explaining social change. The arguments are based on institutional economics with a special view on transaction costs and on cooperation structures. It is shown that specific information technologies promote forms of cooperation, which influence institutional arrangements. The related information technologies themselves are part of the cultural system and its value structures. As a consequence, competition among economic systems favours certain combinations of technologies, cultural arrangements and economic systems. In as much as cultural competition precedes economic competition in the sense of a certain way of thinking, the cultural system can be regarded as a strategic competitive parameter for an economy.
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IWH-Bauumfrage im Dezember 2007: Geschäftsklima deutlich verschlechtert
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im ostdeutschen Baugewerbe hat sich im Dezember deutlich verschlechtert. Sowohl die Geschäftslage als auch die Geschäftaussichten wurden von den knapp 300 befragten Bauunternehmen erheblich zurückhaltender beurteilt als noch vor einem Jahr. Für etwa ein Drittel der Unternehmen liefen die Baugeschäfte im Dezember „schlecht“ oder „eher schlecht“. Derartige Urteile gab im Vorjahreszeitraum nur etwa ein Fünftel der Unternehmen ab. Hinsichtlich der Geschäftsaussichten bis zum Frühsommer sind sogar drei von fünf Unternehmen skeptisch. Im Vorjahr betraf dies nur etwa die Hälfte. Die Eintrübung des Geschäftsklimas zieht sich durch alle Bausparten.
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East German Innovation System attractive for Foreign Investors
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in the catching-up process of East Germany due to direct employment- and demand related effects. However, this article takes a technological perspective on FDI in East Germany. It considers technological activities of foreign investors (R&D and innovation) and asks to what extent these are integrated into the East German innovation system. In other words, do foreign investors interact technologically with domestic enterprises and scientific institutions? So far, there seems to be a striking absence of empirical evidence on this issue. The basis for our analysis is recent data from a representative survey of foreign direct investors in East German manufacturing completed in 2007. The findings show that on average foreign investors are more R&D and innovation intensive compared to the total of East German manufacturing. In addition, their technological activities are by no means isolated from the East German innovation system. Foreign subsidiaries seem to benefit from East German customers, suppliers and especially scientific institutions with regard to locally conducted R&D and innovation. Contrary to existing assumptions the East German innovation system seems to be particularly attractive for the most technologically active foreign subsidiaries. This could constitute a major locational advantage for FDI in East Germany over Central and East Europe. However, the technologically active foreign investors believe that only East German suppliers are able to benefit from their technological cooperation. The same cannot be said about East German customers or competitors. Thus, the potential for technological externalities from FDI in East Germany seems still to be limited.
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Is a Centralisation of Local Governmental Structures an Appropriate Way to Ensure an Efficient Provision of Local Public Services? Findings from Case Studies in the State of Saxony-Anhalt
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Choosing the appropriate organisational model for local government (i. e. centralised vs. federal model) forms an essential challenge for local communities. Against the background of Fiscal Federalism, a trade-off between the two models mentioned can be expected: Though the centralised model may bring up economies of scale and scope, the federal form of local government may have advantages, too, for instance regarding the extent of civil participation. The article has the intention to answer the question how the degree of centralisation/decentralisation of local governmental organisation affects the provision of services of public interest. The article is based on case studies conducted in ten municipalities located in the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The government of Saxony-Anhalt intends to implement a reform project targeted at the modernisation of local governmental organisation. The basic reform idea is to transform the local governmental structures from a situation (at the beginning of 2008) where a co-existence of centralised and federally organised municipalities is given towards a future situation where the centralised model should be dominating. In line with the expectation derived from theory, the empirical findings do not draw a picture, which is unequivocally in favour either of the centralised or of the federal model. However, the reform of modernisation of local governmental organisation should remain on the agenda, especially due to a shrinking population in the rural parts of Saxony-Anhalt. This could support the state government’s plans of a more centralized organisation of local government. But this would mean to give up the advantages of the existing federal model of local government. Therefore, in addition to the centralised model favoured by the state government, politicians in Saxony-Anhalt should look for the possibility of an alternative “third” model, which tries to combine the advantages of economies of scale with a greater degree of civil participation.
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Aktuelle Trends: Gute Gründe für ausländische Direktinvestitionen in Ostdeutschland
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Das IWH hat eine aktuelle Befragung ausländischer Investoren im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe in den Neuen Bundesländern (einschließlich Berlin) durchgeführt. Die antwortenden Unternehmen gaben dabei auch die relative Bedeutung verschiedener Investitionsmotive der jeweiligen ausländischen Eigentümer zum Zeitpunkt der Neugründung eines Tochterunternehmens bzw. der Beteiligung an einem bereits existierenden Unternehmen an.
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Editorial
Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Gegen den Rat führender deutscher Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute setzt die Bundesregierung die Einführung branchenspezifischer Mindestlöhne fort. Die Realisierung ihres eigentlichen Ziels „Politik für mehr Arbeit in Deutschland“ gerät damit zunehmend in Gefahr. So verständlich der Wunsch ist, Erwerbsarbeit als Grundlage für den Lebensunterhalt zu bewahren, so gilt genauso, daß auch Mindestlöhne am Markt verdient werden müssen. Wenn sich die Politik für Mindestlöhne entschieden hat, bleibt die Findung der rechten Höhe das Problem. Liegen sie über dem Grenzprodukt der Arbeit, steigen die Kosten, und das drückt auf die Gewinne. Gelingt es den Unternehmen, die Kostensteigerung über die Preise weiterzureichen, dann zahlen alle Verbraucher mit dem Verlust an Realeinkommen. Der Druck auf die Gewinne kann aber auch unmittelbar den Abbau der unrentabel gewordenen Arbeitsplätze nach sich ziehen. Dann steigt die Arbeitslosigkeit sofort.
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