Institutionelle Defizite und wachsende Spannungen in der Euro-Zone
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
The introduction of the Euro was certainly a success. Nevertheless, behind this success one may find some increasing asymmetries and imbalances across member countries, which may undermine the stability of the common currency in the long run. Tensions include the paralysis of fiscal policy, increasing divergence in per capita income, a high volatility of real state prices, and diverging unit labour cost developments. The given forms of macroeconomic coordination seem not to be appropriate to mitigate the problems. Obviously, countries can compete with wage policy only after currencies and their exchange rates were abolished, and the use of fiscal policy has been restricted. In particular, Germany and Austria were successful in competitive wage policy, while countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal, Italy, and also France did not yet use the competitiveness channel. Germany was able to reduce its unit labour costs more than other countries by labour market reforms and higher indirect taxes in replacing social taxes. However, the advantage may proof to be temporary only, for other countries will be forced to follow the German example. Given an ECB inflation target of 2 %, more competitive wage policy in the Euro area might jeopardize the stability of the currency through deflation and higher unemployment. It does not wonder that the discussion on other and new forms of macroeconomic coordination revived recently. This debate does not only include the introduction of a central EU budget with anti-cyclical effects, but also forms of direct and indirect coordination of national wage policies. In any case, it would be useful to oblige national wage policies to obey the common interest of the Union.
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Russia: Importance of the Energy Sector for the Economic Growth Remains High
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, Russian economic growth was once more driven by surging private consumption and investment. Thanks to the high energy prices, the boom in export revenues continued. Enterprises had increased earnings from oil and other natural resources, and also the government budget had high surpluses. Both led to significantly faster growth of investments. Construction sector and industry benefited from rising investments, but domestic demand of investment and consumption also covered by increased imports. The importance of the energy sector for the economy remains high. But sustainable long-term growth will require even more investment as well as substantial improvements in economic restructuring.
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Das Programm „Stadtumbau Ost“ und seine wirtschaftlichen Effekte für die beteiligten Städte
Claus Michelsen, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
Political measures in the field of urban development have relevant impacts on the local and regional economy, for example on private investment, the value of real estate or the image of a city. An evaluation of national (federal) programs for the support of urban development would not be complete without considering these impacts. For the measures, which are supported by the federal program for support on “Urban Redevelopment in East Germany” (“Stadtumbau Ost”), the economic conditions of the supported cities have played, so far, only a minor role. One expression for this is that the measures for demolishing (“Rückbau”) were concentrated on quarters with prefabricated buildings. From the perspective of local and regional economic development, there have also been failures in the allocation of money for increasing the value of real estate (“Aufwertung”), as the article shows for the example of the state of Saxony.
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For a Sustainable Contribution Rate of the Statutory Unemployment Insurance
Ingmar Kumpmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2007
Abstract
The German Federal Government has decided to decrease the contribution rate of the statutory unemployment insurance from 4.2 to 3.3 per cent of gross wages. The unemployment insurance retards the income loss in times of increasing unemployment, which has a dampening effect on the business cycle. In order not to countervail this effect it is necessary to hold the contribution rate stable over times with high and low unemployment. Therefore, the budget surplus of the unemployment insurance agency in the current economic upswing is no sufficient argument for a contribution cut. A present reduction of the contribution rate induces the risk of a new contribution rise in the next economic slowdown. It would be better to build up sufficient reserves so that a contribution rise will be avoidable even in times with increasing unemployment.
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Paradigm Shift in European Competition Law
Nicole Steinat
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2007
Abstract
During the last decade, European competition law went through several procedural changes, which were mainly influenced by US-American law. Economic criteria rather than legal parameters are now used to evaluate the conduct of firms. Such a “more economic approach” is apparent both in legislation and jurisdiction.
The article discusses the reforms that resulted from the paradigm shift by focusing on the legislation perspective as well as their impact in terms of cartels. One of the most important instruments in European competition policy is nowadays the Leniency Regulation, which was implemented in 1996. Another tool are the renewed Fining Guidelines, which in general will lead to higher fines.
Although European competition law adopted some instruments from American law, there are still major differences between the two jurisdictions. The possibility to impose jail sentences does not exist on a European level yet. However, a few European countries included criminal sanctions in their national laws.
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Reform of Local Municipal Structures: Centralization not only Implicates Advantages
Peter Haug, Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2007
Abstract
The question whether centralized or decentralized municipal structures are more efficient has been discussed, not only in Germany, for a long time primarily under aspects of law and administrative sciences. In this article, we use an economic approach instead. The prevailing theories on interjurisdictional competition are not conclusive about the cost and welfare effects of centralization. Therefore, using the example of Saxony-Anhalt we investigate empirically if there are any significant differences in expenses or personnel between more centralized municipal governance forms (“Einheitsgemeinden”) or rather decentralized forms (“Verwaltungsgemeinschaften”). Our cross-section analysis for selected municipal activities reveals that both types are very similar in their cost and manning structures. Significant differences can be explained rather by different population densities than by the organizational structure. Considering these results we do not recommend a forced amalgamation of the municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt. Especially, if frustration cost or the political transaction cost, which both rise with centralization, are taken into account.
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The Role of Credit Ratings in Banking Regulations. Credit Ratings Are Insufficiently Anticipating the Risk for Currency Crises.
Tobias Knedlik, Johannes Ströbel
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
This contribution analyses whether the behaviour of rating agencies has changed since their failure to predict the Asian crisis. The paper finds no robust econometric evidence that rating agencies have started to take micro-mismatches into account when assigning sovereign ratings. Thus, given the current approach of credit rating agencies, we have reservations concerning the effectiveness of Basel II to prevent the transmission from currency crises to banking crises for potential future crises.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage im September 2007: Investitionsgüterproduzenten bestimmen anhaltendes Stimmungshoch
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Die seit dem Frühjahr bestehende optimistische Einschätzung des Geschäftsklimas in der ostdeutschen Industrie setzt sich – wenn auch in abgebremster Form – im Herbst fort. Das zeigen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage vom September unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Der Saldo der positiven und negativen Meldungen zur Geschäftslage ist seit der Juliumfrage nochmals um zwei Punkte angestiegen und überflügelt den entsprechenden Vorjahreswert sogar um elf Punkte. Nur 13 von 100 Unternehmen gaben weniger gute Urteile ab.
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Aktuelle Trends: Aktuelle Erweiterung des Bestands an Wohnbauten in Deutschland nicht von Dauer
Rolf Scheufele
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Seit dem Jahr 2000 waren die Wohnungsbauinvestitionen in Deutschland stark rückläufig. Diese Entwicklung hat sich 2006 umgekehrt. Aber auch zukünftig werden sich die Wohnungsbauinvestitionen nur schwach entwickeln. Das zeigt eine Vorausberechnung mit einem ökonometrischen Fehlerkorrekturmodell, mit dem die Wohnungsbauinvestitionen aus dem Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Kopf und aus der Einwohnerzahl erklärt werden. Unterstellt man die aktuelle Bevölkerungsvorausberechnungc des Statistischen Bundesamts und schätzt die Entwicklung der Wohnungsbauinvestitionen mit Hilfe von drei Szenariend über die durchschnittliche Entwicklung des Bruttoinlandsprodukts, dann zeigt die Tendenz bei Betrachtung der beiden pessimistischeren Szenarien nach kurzem Anstieg wieder nach unten.
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Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Charakteristikum einer liberalen Marktwirtschaft ist die freie Preisbildung innerhalb eines Ordnungsrahmens. Regulierende Eingriffe erfolgen, um das Funktionieren dieses Systems zu gewährleisten. Oft aber ist es auch ihre Aufgabe, den Preismechanismus aus übergeordneten Gründen zu beschränken. Dies betrifft in historischer Sicht vor allem den Arbeitsmarkt, um Sozialstandards durchzusetzen. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden derartige Regelungen im Rahmen der Flexibilisierungsmaßnahmen auf nationaler Ebene häufig gelockert, um die Anreizkompatibilität der Arbeitsaufnahme im Bereich der unteren Lohngruppen zu verbessern. Der Wettbewerb der Systeme nämlich testete immer wieder die Effizienz des Ordnungsrahmens aus und strafte schlecht angepaßte Volkswirtschaften vor allem durch eine hohe Arbeitslosigkeit ab.
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