Market Follows Standards
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Standards are an important part of the codified knowledge of a society. In contrast to industry standards, formal standards are created in a consensus-based procedure open to all interested parties. Only if an economic interest for application exists will formal standards be produced. Interested parties have to shoulder participation costs themselves, which enforces economic interest. Up to a certain extent, governments also trigger and finance formal standardisation processes through the new approach, which creates a framework that is filled by private activity. Standards stand at the end of intellectual property rights if the totality of the value chain of knowledge production is looked at. One important aspect is their accessibility and the inclusion of all necessary intellectual property rights, especially patents, at reasonable prices. Conversely, consortia may exclude groups from the use of their standards. By preventing the licensing of those patents included in a standard, they can effectively block market entry. Thus, “successful” standards often face antitrust problems. Formal standards reduce costs of production through economies of scale, economies of scope and network-economies. Goods and processes that are standardized signal quality, the inclusion of high technological standards and permanent presence in the markets, which again accelerates market dissemination. Firms face a dilemma: On the one hand, the penetration of a markets with industry standards offers potentials for high profits; on the other hand, this has to be balanced against the risk of failure, especially if clients are hesitant because they do not know which standard will be successful in the end. Formal standards create and stabilize trust markets. This is especially true in the area of globalisation. Europe, which has to face an enormous competition in the international knowledge economy, needs an institutionally efficient approach to formal standardisation. This contribution addresses future problems of the European standardisation that have been developed within the framework of a working group of the European Standardisation Organisation called Future Landscape of European Standardisation (FLES).
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Structural Policy in East Germany – A Discussion about the Common Task “Improvement of Regional Economic Structure“
Mirko Titze
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
After the reunification – more than ten years ago – the convergence process in the eastern German regions has started. Unfortunately, the convergence process has decelerated since 1995. For this reason, economists and politicians are discussing the kind of government aid, which has been applied since the early nineties. The paper deals with the Common Task “Improvement of Regional Economic Structure“ (Gemeinschaftsaufgabe “Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“). It is one of the most important instruments for the “Reconstruction East“. Empirical studies have shown that this instrument has led to an additional growth impulse. However, for the last ten years the budget of the Common Task has decreased. Under the restriction of scarce financial resources the governments of the federal states have to adjust their regional programmes. Economists and politicians dispute to change unselective into selective (regional and sectoral) government aid. The article shows that in particular the Federal State of Brandenburg as well as the Free State of Saxony are focusing the Common Task on specific industrial sectors and certain regions.
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IWH-Bauumfrage im August 2007: Geschäftsklima hat sich stabilisiert
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Die Geschäftslage und die Geschäftsaussichten wurden von den 300 vom IWH befragten ostdeutschen Bauunternehmen im August per saldo schlechter beurteilt als vor Jahresfrist. Diese Entwicklung war insofern zu erwarten, als die Basis im vergangenen Jahr durch Vorzieheffekte im Zusammenhang mit der Abschaffung der Eigenheimzulage und der Erhöhung der Mehrwertsteuer überhöht war. Gegenüber der vorangegangenen Umfrage im Juni gaben mehr Unternehmen eine Besserung ihrer Lage an, unter Ausschluß der Saisoneffekte bedeutet dies aber nicht mehr als Stabilisierung. Die Geschäftsaussichten bis über den Jahreswechsel hinaus werden geringfügig schlechter bewertet.
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Aktuelle Trends: Ostdeutsche Patentdynamik in Thüringen und Sachsen am höchsten
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Die kleinräumig gegliederte und auf den Erfindersitz bezogene Statistik der Patentanmeldungen des Deutschen Patent- und Markenamts (DPMA) gibt Aufschluß über regionale Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Erfindungsaktivitäten. Da Patente zugleich eine wichtige Vorstufe wirtschaftlicher Innovationen darstellen, wird das Ausmaß der Patentierungen regelmäßig als output-orientierter Indikator für die Innovationsorientierung der Wirtschaft in der jeweils betrachteten Region herangezogen. Zudem informiert die – hier betrachtete – Veränderung der Zahl der Patentanmeldungen in einem bestimmten Zeitraum über die Entwicklungsdynamik der Patentieraktivitäten in einer Region.
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Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Nach dem Abschluß dessen, was gemeinhin als Systemtransformation bezeichnet wird, öffnete sich den betroffenen postkommunistischen Ländern, zu denen auch Ostdeutschland zählt, ein Entwicklungskorridor eigener Art, der wesentliche Unterschiede gegenüber denen klassischer westlicher Industriestaaten besitzt. Hierzu zählt die extreme Gruppenstruktur, also die starke Polarisierung zwischen vielen sehr kleinen und einigen sehr großen Betrieben, eine unterdurchschnittliche private Forschungs- und Entwicklungsintensität und ein weitgehendes Fehlen von Firmensitzen, insbesondere solchen von Unternehmen mit internationaler strategischer Aufstellung.
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Research and Development: important source for product innovation also in East Germany
Jutta Günther, François Peglow
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
The development and successful introduction of new products is a fundamental feature of a modern knowledge society. After completion of the retrieving technological renewals in East Germany, businesses in the newly-formed German states have to stand up to the competition for marketable concepts and ideas. In doing so, the structural particularities on the strength of transformation are still in force and besides, the embedding of East Germany between high-tech in the West and catching up countries in the East constitutes an additional challenge. This article outlines the innovation activities of East German companies and pursues in the framework of an multivariate analysis to follow up intra-corporate determining factors for product innovations The empirical analysis, employing the IAB establishment panel, shows an active share of innovation participation of companies belonging to the manufacturing industry in East Germany during the years 2002 and 2003. The proportion of companies with product innovation in the newly-formed German states even lies slightly above the reference value for West Germany. Especially companies with an own Research and Development (R&D) department are introducing new products twice as much as companies without an R&D division. The regression analysis proves that own R&D represents the strongest driving force for product innovations in regard to input factors. Moreover, continuing operational education can also be attested a positive impact on innovation activities and emphasizes concurrently the meaning of long-life learning. In reference to business specific characteristics, it stands out that foreign equity participation imposes a significant negative impact of on product innovations. This result, deserving further analysis, indicates the phenomenon of so-called subcontracting.
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Innovations as driving force of the knowledge society – concepts and contemporary theoretical approaches
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
In response to the question what secures Europe’s future competitiveness, it is often in the context of “knowledge society” referred to location advantages for research and development (R&D), innovation and knowledge. Respective point of view is not only represented by decision makers of high-duty industrial countries, but also by so called catching up economies in Central and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. The present article deals against the background of current innovation theoretic approaches with the question of what indeed constitutes the abstract notion of the knowledge society, which actors play a role and how R&D and innovation are geographically distributed. Systemic approaches are outlined, which place emphasis on the relation among different knowledge generating actors, in particular among science and economy. In effort to elucidate the geographical distribution of R&D and innovation the authors refer to the regional economic theory, which constitute the reasons why such processes are marked by spatial concentration. Thereby, the hypotheses are competing in associating the spatial concentration with either sectoral specialization or diversification. The article shows the domination of multinational companies of research and development (R&D) in the private sector and that these businesses connect regional centers of innovations beyond national borders. Based on the theory of technological accumulation and internationalization of companies, the globalization of R&D and innovation processes are explained. Thereby, it must be recognized that a hierarchy of regional innovation systems is emerging in which the disparities are increasing both at home and abroad.
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11.02.2019 • 3/2019
No-deal Brexit would hit the German labour market particularly hard
The United Kingdom leaving the European Union without a deal would have consequences for international trade and labour markets in many countries, including outside Europe. Calculations by the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) indicate: More than 600,000 jobs may be affected worldwide, but nowhere as many as in Germany.
Oliver Holtemöller
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19.04.2018 • 9/2018
IWH-Tarif-Check: Auch real steigen die Einkommen im öffentlichen Dienst kräftig. Reale Netto-Lohnzuwächse bei den Beschäftigten von Bund und Kommunen in den nächsten Jahren
Der neue Tariflohnabschluss verheißt Positives für die 2,3 Millionen Beschäftigten des öffentlichen Dienstes von Bund und Kommunen: Rückwirkend zum 01.03.2018 erhalten sie 3,2%, ab dem 01.04.2019 weitere 3,1% und zum 01.03.2020 nochmals 1,1% mehr Lohn. Die Beschäftigten bis zur Entgeltgruppe 6 erhalten zudem eine Einmalzahlung von 250 Euro.
Oliver Holtemöller
Birgit Schultz
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IWH-Flash-Indikator: III. und IV. Quartal 2012
Katja Drechsel
IWH Flash Indicator,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
Der IWH-Flash-Indikator zeigt für das dritte Quartal 2012 einen Rückgang des Bruttoinlandsproduktes um 0,1% an. Die Schuldenkrise in Europa dürfte die deutsche Konjunktur weiter belasten und dazu führen, dass der Produktionszuwachs im vierten Quartal lediglich stagniert. Allerdings ist die mit dieser Prognose verbundene Unsicherheit außergewöhnlich hoch. Denn eine Vielzahl von wichtigen Einzelindikatoren deutet an, dass die Wachstumsrate auch um etwa 0,2 Prozentpunkte höher liegen könnte.
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