Konjunktur aktuell: Deutsche Wirtschaft überwindet die kurze Schwächephase
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
Die Risiken, die von der Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise in Europa ausgehen und die deutsche Wirtschaft belasten, haben zuletzt etwas nachgelassen; die Aussichten für die deutsche Konjunktur haben sich verbessert. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt wird in Deutschland nach der Schwächephase im Winterhalbjahr 2011/2012 im Jahr 2012 um 1,3% und im Jahr 2013 um 2,2% zunehmen; die Arbeitslosenquote dürfte weiter sinken – auf 6,4% im Jahr 2012 und auf 6,1% im Jahr 2013. Diese Entwicklung führt – trotz nachlassender Konsolidierungsbemühungen – zu einem raschen Abbau der öffentlichen Neuverschuldung.
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Fiscal Policy and the Great Recession in the Euro Area
Mathias Trabandt, Günter Coenen, Roland Straub
American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
How much did fiscal policy contribute to euro area real GDP growth during the Great Recession? We estimate that discretionary fiscal measures have increased annualized quarterly real GDP growth during the crisis by up to 1.6 percentage points. We obtain our result by using an extended version of the European Central Bank's New Area-Wide Model with a rich specification of the fiscal sector. A detailed modeling of the fiscal sector and the incorporation of as many as eight fiscal time series appear pivotal for our result.
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Upturn in Saxony-Anhalt in between structural Barriers
Udo Ludwig, Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2011
Abstract
The gross domestic product of Saxony-Anhalt will increase by 2.6% in 2011. Due to structural reasons the growth is lower than in Germany. In Saxony-Anhalt the key growth driver, the engineering industry, are poorly represented. The previously strong food industry suffers under the pressure of rising commodity prices. The growth gap is explained also from a slowing dynamics in the industry later this year, what is already indicated in the intermediate goods sector, which is the most important part in Saxony-Anhalt´s industry. In addition, the dynamics of household demand for consumer goods and housing is weaker because of the sharp decline in population. Furthermore, the government sector slows in connection with the consolidation of public budgets. The growth gap compared to the average of the New Federal States in total also stems from the fact that the recovery in Saxony-Anhalt had progressed rapidly in the previous year.
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Kann Korea vom deutschen Einigungsprozess lernen?
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
Auch wenn die Ausgangsbedingungen der Deutschen Einheit und einer möglichen koreanischen Vereinigung zunächst äußerst unterschiedlich erscheinen, ergeben sich aus ökonomischer Sicht einige gemeinsame Muster, die es zu analysieren lohnt. Hierzu zählen die Interdependenzen zwischen weltwirtschaftlichen Integrationsprozessen, binnenwirtschaftlichen Anpassungen und den Aufgaben des Staates, den Einigungsprozess zu finanzieren und die Wirtschaft – seinerzeit des Ostens, künftig des Nordens – zu transformieren. Das Vernachlässigen dieser
Interdependenzen im deutschen Einigungsprozess führte zu erhöhten Kosten. Der Beitrag stellt zunächst die Ausgangsbedingungen entlang wesentlicher ökonomischer Zahlen dar. Im Anschluss erfolgt eine theoretische Einordnung
des Integrationsprozesses, der sich im Wesentlichen in den Veränderungen der Preisstrukturen ausdrückt, und des Transformationsprozesses, der als Verschiebung der Produktionsmöglichkeitenkurve der Wirtschaft gesehen wird. Im Zentrum steht dabei die Mengen-Preis-Interaktion zwischen lokalen und international handelbaren Gütern. Anschließend wird gezeigt, welchen Beschränkungen die Transformation unterliegt, da die Investitionsmöglichkeiten durch die Ersparnisbildung und die Fähigkeit, auswärtiges Kapital zu mobilisieren,
begrenzt sind. Schließlich wird verdeutlicht, dass öffentliche Transfers zur Unterstützung des Aufbauprozesses das Problem, dauerhafte Leistungsbilanzdefizite abzubauen, nur begrenzt zu lösen vermögen.
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Bericht über den IWH/INFER-Workshop on Applied Economics and Economic Policy
Katja Drechsel, Makram El-Shagi
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2011
Abstract
Am 14. und 15. Februar 2011 fand am IWH erstmalig in Zusammenarbeit mit dem International Network for Economic Research (INFER) der Workshop „Applied Economics and Economic Policy“ statt. Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler europäischer Universitäten und internationaler Organisationen stellten einem breiten Publikum neueste Forschungsergebnisse zu aktuellen ökonomischen Fragen und Problemen vor. Der Workshop richtete sich neben einem wissenschaftlichen Publikum vor allem auch an Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter internationaler Organisationen, wie beispielsweise der Europäischen Kommission und der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB), sowie der verschiedenen Ministerien, wie z. B. der Wirtschaftsministerien. Ziel der Veranstaltung war es somit, nicht nur aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse vorzustellen, sondern auch mit Vertretern aus Wissenschaft und Praxis über aktuelle Wirtschaftspolitik und über das Spezialthema „The Empirics of Imbalances and Disequilibria“
zu diskutieren. Mit Lorenzo Bini Smaghi, Mitglied des Direktoriums der EZB, und Martin Hallet aus der Generaldirektion Wirtschaft und Finanzen der Europäischen Kommission konnten zwei hochrangige Vertreter aus den politischen Institutionen als Keynote-Speaker gewonnen werden.
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Can Korea Learn from German Unification?
Ulrich Blum
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
We first analyze pre-unification similarities and differences between the two Germanys and the two Koreas in terms of demographic, social, political and economic status. An important issue is the degree of international openness. “Stone-age” type communism of North Korea and the seclusion of the population prevented inner-Korean contacts and contacts with rest of the world. This may create enormous adjustment costs if institutions, especially informal institutions, change. We go on by showing how transition and integration interact in a potential unification process based on the World Bank Revised Minimum Standard Model (RMSM) and on the Salter-Swan-Meade model. In doing so, we relate the macro and external impacts on an open economy to its macro-sectoral structural dynamics. The findings suggest that it is of utmost importance to relate microeconomic policies to the macroeconomic ties and side conditions for both parts of the country. Evidence from Germany suggests that the biggest general error in unification was neglecting these limits, especially limitations to policy instruments. Econometric analysis supports these findings. In the empirical part, we consider unification as an “investment” and track down the (by-and-large immediate to medium-term) costs and the (by-and-large long-term) benefits of retooling a retarded communist economy. We conclude that, from a South-Korean
perspective, the Korean unification will become relatively much more expensive than the German unification and, thus, not only economic, but to a much larger degree political considerations must include the tying of neighboring countries into the convergence process. We finally provide, 62 years after Germany’s division and 20 years after unification, an outlook on the strength of economic inertia in order to show that it may take much more than a generation to compensate the damage inflicted by the communist system.
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Energy Efficient Homes in Germany: Lower Energy Requirement in the East and the South – Results of the ista-IWH-Energy-Efficiency-Index 2007
Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2009
Abstract
At the latest since the oil crisis in the beginning of the 1970s, energy efficiency of homes became a widely discussed topic. In the past, it were in first line aspects of the scarcity of fossil energy sources that motivated the debate. Nowadays, climate protection is a main goal of the European energy policy. For this purpose, a new instrument was introduced in 2009. Europe-wide, the “Energy Performance Certificate” for buildings presents detailed information on the required energy for heating, warm water and (indirectly) the resulting costs for tenants. This instrument is designed to provide further information for consumers to influence their behavior in favor of energy efficient buildings.
Until now, there is only little information on spatial aspects of the energy efficiency of housing in Germany. This article presents data on the level of Germany’s NUTS2 regions. In our calculations, we include information on more than 2.6 million flats, interpolating it representatively for the total stock of multifamily buildings and considering the regional climate.
The results of the first ista-IWH-Energy-Efficiency-Index indicate large differences between regions. The required energy for housing is much lower in the eastern and southern parts of Germany, compared to the western or northern parts. Explanations can be seen in a different structure of the housing stock (e.g. age of construction, level of refurbishment). Moreover, first analyses of the market structure indicate that owner occupied flats are more efficient in energy requirement than rental flats. Vacancy rates, the duration of occupation of rented flats and the level of regional income play an additional role for the energy efficiency of the regional housing stock.
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Equity and Bond Market Signals as Leading Indicators of Bank Fragility
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala, Giuseppe Vulpes
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
We analyse the ability of the distance to default and subordinated bond spreads to signal bank fragility in a sample of EU banks. We find leading properties for both indicators. The distance to default exhibits lead times of 6-18 months. Spreads have signal value close to problems only. We also find that implicit safety nets weaken the predictive power of spreads. Further, the results suggest complementarity between both indicators. We also examine the interaction of the indicators with other information and find that their additional information content may be small but not insignificant. The results suggest that market indicators reduce type II errors relative to predictions based on accounting information only.
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