Enterprise networks in East Germany: Concentration on conglomerates.
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2005
Abstract
Mit dem Vorhandensein von Unternehmensnetzwerken wird zumeist eine hohe Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Wirtschaft in der betreffenden Region assoziiert. Eine erstmals flächendeckend für Ostdeutschland vorgenommene Bestandsaufnahme von Unternehmensnetzwerken zeigt eine erhebliche räumliche Ungleichverteilung von Netzwerkaktivitäten zugunsten der sächsischen Agglomerationsräume und zugunsten der Hauptstadtregion. Diese räumlichen Schwerpunkte der Netzwerkbildung lassen erkennen, dass sich Netzwerke am ehesten dort herausbilden und entwickeln, wo sie günstige „natürliche“ Entwicklungsbedingungen, d. h. vor allem eine hohe Dichte von Unternehmen und Wissenschaftseinrichtungen vorfinden. Dort können zugleich besonders intensive lieferund abnehmerseitige Verflechtungen vermutet werden. Dass die höher verdichten Regionen günstige „natürliche“ Bedingungen für die Etablierung von Netzwerken darstellen, wird auch an dem Umstand deutlich, dass in diesen Räumen besonders häufig Übereinstimmungen zwischen Unternehmensnetzwerken und regionalen Branchenschwerpunkten gegeben sind. Diese Übereinstimmungen können als vorteilhaft für die Regionalentwicklung angesehen werden, weil sie Indizien für das Vorhandensein von längerfristig gegebenen tendenziell nachhaltigen Netzwerkstrukturen sind. In dünn besiedelten, ländlich-peripheren Region ist dagegen die Zahl der Unternehmensnetzwerke zumeist gering, und sie werden sehr häufig nicht durch einen regionalen Branchenschwerpunkt begleitet. Es stellt sich die Frage nach der künftigen Bestandsfestigkeit der Unternehmensnetzwerke gerade in diesen Regionen mit geringer Verdichtung. Diese Frage erhält noch zusätzliches Gewicht, weil öffentliche Förderhilfen, die viele Netzwerke in Ostdeutschland erhalten, zeitlich befristet sind und daher die Fortexistenz der Netzwerke auch ohne Förderung eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt.
Read article
The Absence of Technology Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in Transition Economies
Jutta Günther
Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics,
2005
Abstract
Read article
Foreign Direct Investment as a Source of Technology-Spillovers in Central East European Candidate-Countries
Jutta Günther
Erweiterung und Integration der EU. Forschungen zur Europäischen Integration, Band 9,
2004
Abstract
Read article
Flexible utilization of labor strengthens industrial enterprises´ ability to adapt to fluctuations in business - an empirical east-west comparison based on the IAB company panel
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2004
Abstract
Based on an individual data set, this article investigates the question of which conventional methods and new instruments companies use to adapt to fluctuations in business and what distinguishes these companies from other ones which have not implemented such instruments. In particular, the role of the technical equipment as well as the personnel policy and tariff policy are analyzed. An empirical comparison between the East and West German manufacturing industries demonstrates whether East German firms have competitive advantages. While the technological conditions for firms´ flexibility are somewhat less pronounced in East German, the proportion of “standardized“ and flexible employment is nearly the same in the East-West comparison. Differences exist among small, middle-sized and large firms as well as among types of yield. The weak orientation with respect to agreed wages and hours worked as well as the mainly gratuitous reduction of unpaid overtime which can be implemented over the whole year, prove to be an advantage. The investigation is based on a data set from the IAB company panel of manufacturing industries in 2003.
Read article
Declining population and rising costs for municipal services
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2004
Abstract
Population decrease in many East-German towns and municipalities does not only increase the stock of empty residential buildings. It also makes provision of network-related goods and services more costly. Considering public water and sewerage services as example, the article investigates empirically how costs of provision per inhabitant depend on population number and -density. Diverging from similar studies, spatial differences in distribution costs per inhabitant are calculated within the area of a case study municipality. The calculations are based on cost accounting data of the local provider. A central problem is the choice of an appropriate spatial key figure to allocate costs. The results indicate cost advantages in providing densely populated quarters with network-related services. Consequently, rising per-capita costs should be taken into account to a greater extent for the city conversion programmes in East Germany than they have been up to now.
Read article
Innovation cooperation: experiences from East and West Germany
Jutta Günther
Science and Public Policy,
2004
Abstract
This paper deals with innovation cooperation as a means to support the ongoing catch-up process of the East German economy. Against prevalent beliefs, it can be shown that East German enterprises are more often involved in innovation co-operation than West German firms, and differences in cooperation partner priorities only reflect the given structural differences between the two regions. While cooperating enterprises in East and West Germany are clearly more innovative than their non-cooperating counterparts, a productivity advantage of these firms is (so far) only observable in West Germany. Reasons for this surprising finding are discussed.
Read article
The economic structure of the largest East German cities: economic differences increase
Cordula Winkler
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2004
Abstract
Especially large cities come into appearance within the field of interregional competition, while trying to attract enterprises and mobile production factors. Against this background, the paper examines the economic stage of development of the largest East German cities. In addition to the actual situation we have a look at the development of cities since the middle of the 90ies. Relating to the actual economic situation, the findings show great economic differences between cities. Nevertheless, none of the large cities have taken on a leading position for all considered indicators. Instead of this each large city has its own specific strengths and weaknesses – compared with the other large cities as well as compared with East Germany on the whole. In addition, a comparison with the situation in 1995 shows, that the degree of differentiation between cities has increased. This development goes along with a strengthening of specific economic profiles, particularly in smaller large cities.
Read article
The Reform of Local Public Services of General Interest in Europe
Peter Haug, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Applied Economics Quarterly (Supplement),
2004
Abstract
The benefits of a reduced supply of local public services may more than outweigh the supposed welfare losses. This was suggested by various theoretical and empirical investigations in many fields of economics during the last decades. Nevertheless, local and national politicians, trade unionists, charities, and other lobbyists have succeeded in preventing further liberalisation of “services of general interest” in Europe. This article examines why these preserve agents have been and are still successful. The analysis is based on an institutional economic approach. Several policy measures and institutional changes are suggested to either reduce influence of preserve agents or to compensate them for their losses.
Read article
Diversifikation und regionale Wirtschafts- und Beschäftigungsentwicklung - Eine empirische Analyse für ausgewählte deutsche Gebiete
Peter Haug
Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft,
No. 2,
2004
Abstract
This article analyses the effects of heterogeneous economic structures on the long-term development of regional employment. A simple model is introduced to illustrate the beneficial outcomes for households as well as for enterprises of locating in highly diversified municipalities because risk (volatility of income, recruitment costs in a broader sense) diminishes for both. Econometric results for a sample of municipalities in Lower Saxony provide some evidence for a positive effect of local economic diversification on employment opportunities. The results seem to be not confined to the aggregated local labour demand but also apply to most branches the local business sector.
Read article
Technology spillovers through foreign direct investment. An empirical investigation on the example of Hungarian industry
Jutta Günther
Schriften des IWH,
No. 14,
2003
Abstract
With the beginning of transition in Central East European countries, foreign direct investment increased strongly whereby foreign subsidiaries transfer modern production technology and management know-how. However, it has remained an open question, how far domestic enterprises also benefit from these developments via technology spillovers. The study points out theoretically possible channels of technology spillovers and empirically investigates the significance, scope and influencing factors of the various spillovers channels on the example of Hungarian industry. The findings show that there are hardly any spillover effects in Hungarian industry so far. Major reasons for that are the strong technological disparities between foreign subsidiaries and domestic firms as well as the lack of labor mobility from foreign to domestic enterprises.
Read article