Prekäre Einkommenslagen ind Deutschland - ein Ost-West-Vergleich 1996-2002
Herbert S. Buscher, Juliane Parys
Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv,
No. 4,
2006
Abstract
The paper investigates the distribution of equivalence-weighted net household income for West and East Germany, covering the period from 1996 to 2002. The data set used is the annual cross section data set “Mikrozensus”. The main issues of the paper are twofold. First, we analyze standard measures of income distributions as well as measures of inequality. Second, we set up a Logit model to explain relative poorness in East and West Germany using Mikrozensus data to capture household characteristics. The main focus in this section deals with the question how different types of forms of living and the number of children will affect the risk of falling into precarious income situations. The results show that the risk of getting poor is higher for families with children as well as for single persons with children.
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Local Public Utilities' Profits and Municipal Expenses in Germany: An Empirical Analysis
Peter Haug, Birger Nerré
Proceedings of the 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18), Washington DC,
2006
Abstract
German municipalities are currently struggling with growing budget deficits and other financial hardships. From a public choice point of view it seems tempting for vote-maximizing local governments to raise revenues from sources which create fiscal illusion or allow tax exports. An increasingly important revenue source of this kind are profits of local public utilities. In this paper we try to fill an empirical gap and provide data of the development of the profitability over time for selected German local public utilities. Furthermore, we develop and estimate a municipal expenditure function for a panel data set of large German cities . We found some slightly positive relationship between per capita expenses of the municipality and the disposable per capita profits of the local public utilities. This indicates that probably the German municipalities – according to our theoretical considerations – tend to burden their citizens as well as non-voters outside their boundaries with implicit taxes to satisfy their increasing financial needs.
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Interregional equalization policy in focus: Donor regions and beneficiary regions and their economic performance
Gerhard Heimpold, Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
The future of the interregional equalization policy in Germany is discussed intensively at present. While in the past the interest of equalization policy was focussed primarily on the regions which benefit from interregional equalization policy (beneficiary regions) and the effects obtained there, recently the view is directed also toward the regions which bear the fiscal burden of the equalisation policy (donor regions). Concerning the donor regions, a fear of growth-absorbing withdrawal effects exists, which gives reason in view of declining economic growth rates on the national level to think about the future of interregional equalization policy. The IWH contributed to this debate together with two project partners by an investigation, which was accomplished on behalf of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning. The following findings will show the economic performance of the donor regions (exclusively West German regions) and of the beneficiary regions (all East German regions and a few West German regions) and their changing economic growth patterns. Concerning the level of economic performance, measured by means of the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, as expected, the donor regions, consisting of West German regions, in the period 1992-2003 altogether show an above average GDP per capita. In contrast, the beneficiary regions, both the East German and (less strongly) the West German show a GDP per capita below average. Concerning the development of the economic performance, which was measured on the basis of the relative GDP per capita (GDP per capita of the region concerned in relation to the national average), the East German beneficiary regions could catch up in the first period (1992-1998) strongly. This catching up process, however, clearly slowed down in the second period 1998-2003. Like a mirror-image the lead of the donor regions regarding GDP per capita in relation to the national average became smaller. But after 1998 many West German donor regions regained their growth dynamics. Additionally the contributions of the regions to the absolute increase of the GDP in the period 1998-2003 were investigated: 30 of 271 regions have a share of around 50% in the overall GDP increase, 28 of them located in West Germany, and 21 of them donor regions. This in mind, the policy should further provide and secure favourable development conditions for those regions, which contribute at most to the increase of the overall economic performance and thus create the economic base for the interregional equalization policy.
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Too old to work? The impact of age on productivity
Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
Due to the public debate on the raising legal re-tirement age in Germany labor market research has recently focused on an explanation of the low labor market participation rate of elders. In the economic discussion the low participation is pri-marily explained by a supposed imbalance of la-bor costs and returns for old workers. Whereas wages rise with increasing age, the individual productivity seems to fall beyond a certain age. Gerontological research supports this view, since it documents an age-driven decline of physical and certain mental abilities. The study empirically evaluates the thesis of a diminishing individual productivity at higher ages. The analysis is done on the basis of a new dataset for German firms of the manufacturing sector. Using these data the effect of the employee’s age on a firm’s productiv-ity is estimated and conclusions on the job per-formance of workers at different ages are drawn. The performed cross-section-regressions of the years 2003 and 2000 indicate an inverted u-shaped age-productivity-profile. The 25-44 year olds turn out to be the most productive, the share of the over 44 year old workers seems to dampen productivity. However the 15-24 age group makes the lowest productivity contribution. Moreover a positive effect of firm-related experience can be found. Due to elders’ higher stock of firm specific human capital this might at least partly compen-sate the unfavorable effects of aging.
From a political perspective these findings sup-port the view, that an increasing legal retirement age will not automatically lead to a remarkable extension of the labor demand for older people. In addition to legal aspects the wage schemes and the actual productivity profiles in higher age have to be linked more closely together.
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IWH construction survey October 2006
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima hat sich nach Meinung der 300 vom IWH befragten Unternehmen im Oktober eingetrübt. Zwar wird die momentane Situation von den ostdeutschen Bauunternehmen noch ähnlich gut bewertet wie in der vorangegangenen Befragung im August, die Geschäftsaussichten bis in das Frühjahr 2007 sehen die Unternehmen allerdings in einem deutlich schlechteren Licht. Auch unter Ausschluß des Saisoneinflusses bleibt dieses Bild im wesentlichen erhalten: Die Lage verharrt auf dem hohen Niveau vom Sommer, die Geschäftserwartungen kippen ab und trüben das gesamte Geschäftsklima ein.
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Recent trends: Yield of the East German industry in 2004 again higher than in West Germany
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
In den ostdeutschen Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes betrug im Jahr 2004 – aktuellere Daten liegen nicht vor – die Rendite im Durchschnitt 3,8%, im Westen lag sie bei 2,4%. Damit überstieg sie im zweiten Jahr in Folge den westdeutschen Vergleichswert, wobei der Ost-West-Abstand zugunsten der ostdeutschen Industrie zugenommen hat. Dies ergab eine im Auftrag des IWH durchgeführte Sonderauswertung der Kostenstrukturen, die jährlich vom Statistischen Bundesamt bei einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von west- und ostdeutschen Unternehmen mit 20 und mehr Beschäftigten erhoben werden.
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Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, Farid Toubal
European Economic Review,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
Standard neoclassical models of economic integration are based on the assumptions that capital and labor are substitutes and that the geography of factor market integration does not matter. Yet, these two assumptions are violated if agglomeration forces among factors from specific source countries are at work. Agglomeration implies that factors behave as complements and that the country of origin matters. This paper analyzes agglomeration between capital and labor empirically. We use state-level German data to answer the question whether and how migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) are linked. Stocks of inward FDI and of immigrants have similar determinants, and the geography of factor market integration matters. There are higher stocks of inward FDI in German states hosting a large foreign population from the same country of origin. This agglomeration effect is confined to higher-income source countries.
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Where are the economic development cores of East Germany? Results of a survey of the focuses of branches, enterprise networks and innovative competence fields in the East German Regions
Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Regionale Strukturpolitik - quo vadis?, Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 9,
No. 9,
2006
Abstract
The contribution presents the results of an empirical study conducted by the Halle Institute for Economic Research on behalf of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning. The study concerns the identification of “regional clusters” for all spatial planning regions in East Germany. As criteria to identify clusters, three components were taken into consideration: spatially concentrated industries, enterprise networks and innovative competence fields, whereas, for the purpose of identifying “clusters”, the networks and innovative competences have to show a co-incidence with the industry which is spatially concentrated. Cases of co-incidence of all three elements were categorised as economic development cores (or spots), i. e. as forms of spatially concentrated economic activities which show cluster-relevant qualities. For regions which possess economic development spots, the growth perspectives can be expected as more favourable in comparison with other regions. The findings show a particularly high concentration of economic development spots in the Berlin region as well as in the Federal States of Saxony and Thuringia, where the cities of Dresden, Leipzig, Erfurt and Chemnitz form delineating points within which a particularly high number of economic development spots are existent. As a consequence, the study might initiate a debate in favour of a stronger spatial concentration of regional policy measures instead of spreading the resources by “watering can principle”.
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IWH industry survey September 2006: peak of situation exceeded, business expectations still rising.
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands ist am Ende des dritten Quartals 2006 weiterhin sehr freundlich. Dies dokumentieren die Ergebnisse der IWH-Befragung unter rund 300 Industrie-Unternehmen. Ausschlaggebend für diesen positiven Befund ist die Bewertung der Geschäftsaussichten, die gegenüber den verhalteneren Einschätzungen in der vorangegangenen Befragung vom Juli nunmehr wieder zuversichtlicher gesehen werden und um drei Saldenpunkte angestiegen sind. Die stärksten Impulse kommen dabei vom Konsumgütergewerbe.
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Recent trends: Export of goods: The impulse to the industrial business cycle comes from the East German states
Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
Seit der zweiten Hälfte der neunziger Jahre verkaufen die Industriebetriebe aus den neuen Bundesländern einen wachsenden Teil ihrer Produktion an das Ausland. Die Auslandsumsätze erhöhten sich Jahr für Jahr mit zweistelligen Zuwachsraten. Ihr Anteil am auch über die Inlandsnachfrage gestiegenen Gesamtumsatz der Industrie kletterte auf 28%. Damit liegt er zwar noch unter dem Durchschnittswert in den alten Bundesländern mit 42%, die Aufholtendenz ist jedoch unverkennbar. Im Jahr 1995 lag diese Quote noch bei 12%.
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