Structural Stability of the Research & Development Sector in European Economies Despite the Economic Crisis
Jutta Günther, Maria Kristalova, Udo Ludwig
Journal of Evolutionary Economics,
No. 5,
2019
Abstract
When an external shock such as the economic crisis in 2008/2009 occurs, the interconnectedness of sectors can be affected. This paper investigates whether the R&D sector experienced changes in its sectoral integration through the recession. Based on an input-output analysis, it can be shown that the linkages of the R&D sector with other sectors remain stable. In some countries, the inter-sectoral integration becomes even stronger. Policy makers can be encouraged to use public R&D spending as a means of fiscal policy against an economic crisis.
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Toward a Taylor Rule for Fiscal Policy
Martin Kliem, Alexander Kriwoluzky
Review of Economic Dynamics,
No. 2,
2014
Abstract
In DSGE models, fiscal policy is typically described by simple rules in which tax rates respond to the level of output. We show that there is only weak empirical evidence in favor of such specifications in US data. Instead, the cyclical movements of labor and capital income tax rates are better described by a contemporaneous response to hours worked and investment, respectively. We show that conditioning on these variables is also desirable from a normative perspective as it significantly improves welfare relative to output-based rules.
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Fiscal Equalization, Tax Salience, and Tax Competition
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
Jurisdictions that engage in inter-regional tax competition usually try to attenuate competitive pressures by substituting salient tax instruments with hidden ones. On this effect, we investigate the efficiency consequences of inter-regional tax competition and fiscal equalization in a federal system when taxpayers fail to optimally react on shrouded attributes of local tax policy. If the statuary tax rate is a relatively salient instrument and taxpayers pay low attention to the quality and the frequency of tax enforcement, the underlying substitution of tax instruments with the aim of reducing the perceived tax price may suppress the under-exploitation of tax bases that is typically triggered by fiscal equalization.
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Sovereign Default Risk and Decentralization: Evidence for Emerging Markets
Stefan Eichler, M. Hofmann
European Journal of Political Economy,
No. 32,
2013
Abstract
We study the impact of decentralization on sovereign default risk. Theory predicts that decentralization deteriorates fiscal discipline since subnational governments undertax/overspend, anticipating that, in the case of overindebtedness, the federal government will bail them out. We analyze whether investors account for this common pool problem by attaching higher sovereign yield spreads to more decentralized countries. Using panel data on up to 30 emerging markets in the period 1993–2008 we confirm this hypothesis. Higher levels of fiscal and political decentralization increase sovereign default risk. Moreover, higher levels of intergovernmental transfers and a larger number of veto players aggravate the common pool problem.
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Midterm Projection: Economic Development and the Public Budget in the Years 2011 - 2015
Kristina vanDeuverden, Rolf Scheufele
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2011
Abstract
In 2010 economic activity in Germany improved steadily. While global trade increased in the first half of the year – and, thus, German exports – domestic demand became increasingly important. Private Investment recovered and – even more important – consumption contributed to economic growth. Moreover, employment reached an all-time high and unemployment decreased further during the year.
Until 2015 economic growth will keep to be relatively high. German external trade will still gain momentum by the development of global trade. However, economic development will be driven more and more by domestic demand. Interest rates will remain relatively low and stimulate investment activity. Moreover, unemployment will continually shrink, partly reflecting demographic developments, but partly mirrored in increasing employment. Due to a higher degree of employment security and rising wages consumption will gain momentum. Real GDP will increase by 2.3% in 2011 and by 1.7% in 2012. From 2013 – 2015 it will rise by 1½% on average.
While the German economy will gain strength, public budgets will clearly improve. In 2010 the deficit ratio exceeds the Maastricht threshold only slightly; in relation to nominal GDP the German budget deficit was about 3.2%. Concerning the high fiscal stimulus, mainly given in the years 2009 and 2010, the deficit ratio is surprisingly low. While income and wage taxes as well as the receipts from social security contributions already increased, unemployment benefits already declined substantially.
The midterm projection shows a favorable development of public budgets. While employment remains high and unemployment continually decreases, the wage tax and the social security contributions will boost revenue. On contrast the same development will lessen public expenditure, especially transfers.
This projection relies heavily on the assumption that fiscal policy will trace its consolidation plans. For instance, it is assumed that the federal level will implement their plans from summer/autumn 2010 and that there will be no additional measures. In this case, in 2015 the German public budget will show a surplus of ¼% in relation to GDP.
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A Lesson Learned? Pre- and Post-Crisis Entry Decisions in Turkish Banking
H. Evren Damar
Contemporary Economic Policy,
No. 1,
2009
Abstract
This study looks at the determinants of entry by Turkish banks into local markets during the periods before and after the crisis of 2000–2001. Motivated by a theoretical model of entry, results of fixed-effects logit regressions suggest that there has been a change in the geographical diversification strategies of Turkish banks. It appears that the dominance of strategic concerns, such as competing with banks of similar size, has diminished, while economic concerns, such as incumbent characteristics and cost considerations, have become more important. Overall, the postcrisis restructuring policies seem to have led to improved decision making in the sector.
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Interrelations between transfer payments, economic structure and growth in the New Länder – Final report –
Vera Dietrich, Joachim Ragnitz, Jacqueline Rothfels, Birgit Schultz
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 4,
1997
Abstract
Mit der Einführung der Marktwirtschaft und dem Beitritt zur Bundesrepublik hat in Ostdeutschland ein Strukturumbruch eingesetzt, der nahezu alle Teile von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft erfaßte. Der Aufbau einer modernen Wirtschaft ist seither gut vorangekommen. Dennoch liegt die wirtschaftliche Leistungskraft der ostdeutschen Bundesländer noch weit hinter der Westdeutschlands zurück, und wenig spricht dafür, daß sich dies bald ändern könnte. Wie weit das Ziel der „Angleichung der Lebensverhältnisse“ noch entfernt ist, wird daran ersichtlich, daß die gesamtwirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung je Erwerbstätigen in Ostdeutschland im Jahre 1996 erst 56 vH des westdeutschen Niveaus erreichte. Im Vergleich zum Jahre 1991 hat sich diese Lücke zwar bereits erheblich reduziert – damals lag die Produktivität erst bei 30 vH des westdeutschen Wertes –, es wird jedoch deutlich, daß, gemessen an den zwischen den westdeutschen Bundesländern tolerierten Unterschieden in der Wirtschaftskraft, noch viel zu tun bleibt. Zur Verkleinerung der Produktivitätslücke zwischen alten und neuen Bundesländern sind in Ostdeutschland Produktivitätssteigerungen nötig, die deutlich über jenen in Westdeutschland liegen müssen. Tatsächlich aber hat sich der Produktivitätsfortschritt in Ostdeutschland im Laufe der letzten Jahre stark verlangsamt, und jüngste Konjunkturprognosen deuten sogar darauf hin, daß der Aufholprozeß Ostdeutschlands im Jahre 1997 gänzlich zum Erliegen kommen könnte. Dies gibt Anlaß, Wachstum und Strukturwandel in den neuen Ländern zu analysieren und zu fragen, wo die Gründe für den fortbestehenden Entwicklungsrückstand Ostdeutschlands liegen.
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