In which Ways do Universities React to New Technologies? The Case of Photovoltaics
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
Universities can be conceived as actors in regional innovative systems with the functions to make available new knowledge for a region, to contribute to the human capital formation by teaching, and to the extension of the knowledge by research. These functions are in particular important concerning the adaptation of new technologies, e.g. photovoltaics. 89 German universities – amongst them 65 universities of applied sciences – meanwhile offer 171 full-time study courses with a degree oriented to photovoltaics. Each federal state has at least one university location offering such degrees. A certain spatial concentration of courses can be shown for Saxony, for the Ruhr Area and for the Rhine Main Region. Almost 90% of the degrees are offered by faculties of engineering. 43% of the universities with degrees in photovoltaics have successfully applied for research grants from the photovoltaics research programs of the federal government. These numbers show a spatial concentration of research in the South whereas the photovoltaics industry is concentrated in the East of Germany. This distribution indicates that the research opportunities tied to the photovoltaics industry are not in the Eastern part of Germany. Further research will have to pay more attention to the role of research institutes.
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Aktuelle Trends: IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland: Stagnation im dritten Quartal 2008
Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2008
Abstract
Nach der anhaltenden Expansion der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität in der ersten Jahreshälfte ist die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft in den Monaten Juli bis September vom Abschwung voll erfasst worden. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist laut der Vierteljahresrechnung des IWH nicht mehr gestiegen. Maßgeblich dafür war die Industrie. Sie hat nach dem kräftigen Anstieg der Produktion im Verlauf des ersten Halbjahrs nicht mehr zugelegt, real aber bereits weniger abgesetzt als in den Monaten davor. Rückschläge gab es beim Umsatz im Ausland, während die Verkäufe von in den Neuen Ländern gefertigten Industriegütern in Deutschland gestiegen sind. Im Baugewerbe hat sich die Lage nach den Schwankungen infolge der Gunst des milden Winters stabilisiert.
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18.11.2008 • 45/2008
IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland: Stagnation im dritten Quartal 2008
Nach der anhaltenden Expansion der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität in der ersten Jahreshälfte ist die ostdeutsche Wirtschaft in den Monaten Juli bis September vom Abschwung voll erfasst worden. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist laut der Vierteljahresrechnung des IWH nicht mehr gestiegen. Maßgeblich dafür war die Industrie.
The Great Risk Shift? Income Volatility in an International Perspective
Claudia M. Buch
CESifo Working Paper No. 2465,
2008
Abstract
Weakening bargaining power of unions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This paper documents and explains changes in income volatility. Using a theoretical framework which builds distribution risk into a real business cycle model, hypotheses on the determinants of the relative volatility of capital and labor are derived. The model is tested using industry-level data. The data cover 11 industrialized countries, 22 manufacturing and services industries, and a maximum of 35 years. The paper has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor and capital incomes has declined, reflecting the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the idiosyncratic component of income volatility has hardly changed over time. Third, crosssectional heterogeneity in the evolution of relative income volatilities is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile in relative terms. Fourth, income volatility is related to variables measuring the bargaining power of workers. Trade openness has no significant impact.
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Getting out of the ivory tower – New perspectives on the entrepreneurial university
Jutta Günther, Kerstin Wagner
European Journal of International Management,
2008
Abstract
Based on theoretical considerations about the ‘third mission’ of
universities and the discussion of different types of university-industry relations, we conclude that the entrepreneurial university is a manifold institution with direct
mechanisms to support the transfer of technology from academia to industry
as well as indirect mechanisms in support of new business activities via
entrepreneurship education. While existing literature usually deals with one or
another linking mechanism separately, our central hypothesis is that direct and
indirect mechanisms should be interrelated and mutually complementary. We
emphasise the importance of a more holistic view of the entrepreneurial university
and empirically investigate the scope and interrelatedness of direct technology
transfer mechanisms and indirect mechanisms, such as entrepreneurship education
at German universities. We find a variety of activities in both fields and most
universities’ technology transfer facilities and the providers of entrepreneurship
education co-operate in support of innovative start-ups.
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The Identification of Regional Industrial Clusters Using Qualitative Input-Output Analysis
Mirko Titze, Matthias Brachert, Alexander Kubis
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 13,
2008
Abstract
The ‘cluster theory’ has become one of the main concepts promoting regional competitiveness, innovation, and growth. As most studies focus on measures of concentration of one industrial branch in order to identify regional clusters, the appropriate analysis of specific vertical relations within a value-adding chain is developing in this discussion. This paper tries to identify interrelated sectors via national input-output tables with the help of Minimal Flow Analysis by Schnabl (1994). The regionalization of these national industry templates is carried out with the allocation of branch-specific production values on regional employment. As a result, the paper shows concentrations of vertical clusters in only 27 of 439 German NUTS-3 regions.
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Foreign Subsidiaries in the East German Innovation System – Evidence from manufacturing industries
Jutta Günther, Johannes Stephan, Björn Jindra
Applied Economics Quarterly Supplement,
No. 59,
2008
Abstract
This paper analyses the extent of technological capability of foreign subsidiaries located in East Germany, and looks at the determinants of foreign subsidiaries’ technological sourcing behaviour. The theory of international production underlines the importance of strategic and regional level variables. However, existing empirical approaches omit by and large regional level factors. We employ survey evidence from the “FDI micro database” of the IWH, that was only recently made available, to conduct our analyses. We find that foreign subsidiaries are above average technologically active in comparison to the whole East German manufacturing. This can be partially explained by the industrial structure of foreign direct investment. However, only a limited share of foreign subsidiaries with R&D and/or innovation activity source technological knowledge from the East German innovation system. If a subsidiary follows a competence augmenting strategy or does local trade, it is more likely to source technological knowledge locally. The endowment of a region with human capital and a scientific infrastructure has a positive effect too. The findings suggest that foreign subsidiaries in East Germany are only partially linked with the regional innovation system. Policy implications are discussed.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage im September 2008: Eingetrübte Aussichten – Investitionsgüter- und Konsumgüterhersteller aber weiterhin zuversichtlich
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2008
Abstract
Die Stimmung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands hat sich unter den rund 300 vom IWH regelmäßig befragten Unternehmen im September weiter eingetrübt. Zwar fällt die Beurteilung der aktuellen Geschäftslage per saldo einen Punkt günstiger aus als im Juli und meldet eine deutliche Mehrheit der Unternehmen gegenwärtig eine „gute“ oder „eher gute“ Geschäftstätigkeit. Die Aussichten für die nächsten sechs Monate haben sich gegenüber der Juliumfrage aber deutlich verschlechtert. Der Saldo der Geschäftsaussichten sank um acht Punkte und damit zum zweiten Mal in Folge in beachtlichem Umfang.
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Firm Density in East Germany: Findings from the Business Register
Gerhard Heimpold
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2008
Abstract
The contribution focuses on the business density in East Germany in comparison with West Germany. For the purpose of the investigation, a new information source was used – the so-called Business Register. Business density in East Germany is of relevance for two reasons: First, when the wall came down in 1989, the East German economy suffered from the lack of private firms. Second, after 2000, a gap in terms of work places is still existent. The empirical data on business density in East Germany do not reveal an unequivocal picture. Measuring business density by comparing the number of firms with the respective number of population reveals a gap in terms of the number of businesses per 10 000 inhabitants in East Germany. The gap is above average with respect to firms in the manufacturing sector, and it is particularly high regarding larger manufacturing firms. Measuring the business density as a quota of the number of firms and the volume of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reveals a reverse picture: The business density in relation to GDP is on average higher in comparison with the respective value in West Germany. Maybe, the size of the East German market sets limits regarding the number of firms which may act there. However, the size of the domestic market is not so relevant for the firms belonging to the manufacturing sector and to the business-related services since they are expanding to a large extent due to their export activities. Though from the manufacturing sector, relativly positive development perspectives can be expected, the number of large firms per 10 000 inhabitants is relatively low in comparison with West Germany. Public support for strengthening the business landscape in the East German manufacturing sector remains on the agenda of economic policy in Germany.
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20.10.2008 • 39/2008
Leipzigs Weg zur Wirtschaftsmetropole neu bestimmen
Die Industrie- und Handelskammer (IHK) zu Leipzig hat gemeinsam mit der Handwerkskammer zu Leipzig den Vertretern des Stadtrates und der Stadtverwaltung die Ergebnisse einer erstmals durchgeführten Studie zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der Stadt Leipzig von Beginn der 1990er Jahre bis 2020 vorgestellt. Das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) hat die Studie im Auftrag der Leipziger IHK erarbeitet. Die Studie identifiziert die Stärken und Schwächen des Wirtschaftsstandortes Leipzig und zeigt Handlungsstrategien auf, mit denen sich die wirtschaftliche Situation in Leipzig zukünftig weiterhin günstig gestalten lässt.