Slippery Slopes of Stress: Ordered Failure Events in German Banking
Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Outright bank failures without prior indication of financial instability are very rare. In fact, banks can be regarded as troubled to varying degrees before outright closure. But failure studies usually neglect the ordinal nature of bank distress. We distinguish four different kinds of increasingly severe events on the basis of the distress database of the Deutsche Bundesbank. Only the worst distress event entails a bank to exit the market. Since the four categories of hazard functions are not proportional, we specify a generalized ordered logit model to estimate respective probabilities of distress simultaneously. We find that the likelihood of ordered distress events changes differently in response to given changes in the financial profiles of banks. Consequently, bank failure studies should account more explicitly for the different shades of distress. This allows an assessment of the relative importance of financial profile components for different degrees of bank distress.
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Humankapital und Produktivität in Ostdeutschland
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
The paper shows that East Germany has a significant lower endowment with human capital compared to West Germany when actual professional activities are taken into account. This is by equal means due to a smaller share of human capital intensive industries and a lower human capital intensity in most industries. As a consequence, people with higher qualifications face severe difficulties to find a job in East Germany. This again is one reason for migration flows to West Germany, leading to a still worsening human capital endowment in the new Laender. It can be shown that lower human capital intensity is one reason for the still existing human capital gap between East and West Germany. Convergence prospects are therefore not as good as often supposed.
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Industry Specialization, Diversity and the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2007-018,
No. 18,
2007
Abstract
Innovation processes are characterized by a pronounced division of labor between actors. Two types of externality may arise from such interactions. On the one hand, a close location of actors affiliated to the same industry may stimulate innovation (MAR externalities). On the other hand, new ideas may be born by the exchange of heterogeneous and complementary knowledge between actors, which belong to different industries (Jacobs’ externalities). We test the impact of both MAR as well as Jacobs’ externalities on innovative performance at the regional level. The results suggest an inverted u-shaped relationship between regional specialization in certain industries and innovative performance. Further key determinants of the regional innovative performance are private sector R&D and university-industry collaboration.
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Interbank Exposures: An Empirical Examination of Contagion Risk in the Belgian Banking System
Hans Degryse, Grégory Nguyen
International Journal of Central Banking,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the proper functioning of modern financial systems. However, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. We investigate the evolution and determinants of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993–2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks, large bilateral interbank exposures, and cross-border interbank exposures. The "structure" of the interbank market affects contagion risk. We find that a change from a complete structure (where all banks have symmetric links) toward a "multiplemoney-center" structure (where money centers are symmetrically linked to otherwise disconnected banks) has decreased the risk and impact of contagion. In addition, an increase in the relative importance of cross-border interbank exposures has lowered local contagion risk. However, this reduction may have been compensated by an increase in contagion risk stemming from foreign banks.
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Lower Firm-Specific Productivity Levels in East Germany and East European Industrial Branches: The Role of Managerial Factors
Johannes Stephan
Germany Economic Performance: From Unification to Euroisation. Macmillan: Basingstoke,
2007
Abstract
This research assesses the firm-specific reasons for lower productivity levels between West and East German firms. The study is based on a unique data-base generated by field work in the four particularly important industrial sectors of machinery, furniture, cosmetics, and electrotechnics manufacturers and for the two East and West German regions, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. Our results suggest that apparently management in industrial firms in the East still lack the kind of market-orientation that proves to be at the centre of competitiveness in a market and price-governed system of the modern western-style economy.
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IWH-Bauumfrage im April 2007: Nur schwache Frühjahrsbelebung
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2007
Abstract
Die Geschäftslage ebenso wie die Geschäftsaussichten im ostdeutschen Baugewerbe werden laut Umfrage des IWH unter 300 Unternehmen im April per saldo etwas günstiger eingeschätzt als noch zu Jahresanfang. Die Belebung fällt allerdings schwächer aus als sonst im Frühjahr. Unter Ausschluß der Saisoneffekte verschlechtert sich die Stimmung deshalb deutlich. Beide Indikatoren liegen um etwa 10 Saldenpunkte unter ihren Werten aus der vorangegangenen Befragung im Februar. Die wegen des milden Winters und nachwirkender Sondereffekte übermäßig optimistische Bewertung der Geschäftstätigkeit am Bau wurde nun auf ein realistisches Maß zurückgenommen.
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Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2007
Abstract
Wer die Sprache und ihre Begriffe beherrscht, der beherrscht oft auch die politische Bühne. Das gilt für das stete Gleichsetzen der Neuen Bundesländer mit dem Mezzogiorno. Soll der Aufbau Ost skandalisiert werden, sind neue Probleme aufzuzeigen oder benötigt Ostdeutschland eine neue Wirtschaftspolitik? Auch wenn die ostdeutsche Industrie hohe Wachstumsraten besitzt, so hat sich doch der Aufholprozeß Ostdeutschlands relativ zu Westdeutschland in den vergangenen zehn Jahren stark abgeschwächt. Das IWH hat die Hintergründe oft analysiert und Empfehlungen gegeben. Westdeutsche Regionen in wirtschaftlich schwieriger Lage nutzen die bisher typisch ostdeutschen Argumentationsketten, um auf ihre Lage aufmerksam zu machen.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage im März 2007: Geringfügige Eintrübung der Geschäftslage, Aussichten wieder leicht steigend
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2007
Abstract
Am Ende des ersten Quartals 2007 hat sich das Geschäftsklima im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands leicht eingetrübt. Das zeigen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage vom März unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Zurückzuführen ist dies auf die Beurteilung der aktuellen Geschäftslage, die gegenüber der Januarumfrage um vier Saldenpunkte zurückging, sich aber – auch im Vergleich zum Vorjahreswert – weiter auf hohem Niveau befindet. Die fachlichen Hauptgruppen haben in ihrer Lagebewertung zum Teil eine Richtungsänderung vollzogen.
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What Determines the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems?
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Jena Economic Research Papers, Nr. 2007-006,
No. 6,
2007
Abstract
We assess the efficiency of regional innovation systems (RIS) in Germany by means of a knowledge production function. This function relates private sector research and development (R&D) activity in a region to the number of inventions that have been registered by residents of that region. Different measures and estimation approaches lead to rather similar assessments. We find that both spillovers within the private sector as well as from universities and other public research institutions have a positive effect on the efficiency of private sector R&D in the respective region. It is not the mere presence and size of public research institutions, but rather the intensity of interactions between private and public sector R&D that leads to high RIS efficiency. We find that relationship between the diversity of a regions’ industry structure and the efficiency of its innovation system is inversely u-shaped. Regions dominated by large establishments tend to be less efficient than regions with a lower average establishment size.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage in Ostdeutschland zum Jahresauftakt 2007: Auftriebskräfte behalten die Oberhand
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
Das Jahr 2006 war für das Verarbeitende Gewerbe in Ostdeutschland äußerst erfolgreich. Das belegen Daten der amtlichen Statistik und das bestätigen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Umfragen im vergangenen Jahr zur Geschäftslage und zu den Geschäftsaussichten.
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