Understanding Post-Covid Inflation Dynamics
Martín Harding, Jesper Lindé, Mathias Trabandt
Abstract
We propose a macroeconomic model with a nonlinear Phillips curve that has a flat slope when inflationary pressures are subdued and steepens when inflationary pressures are elevated. The nonlinear Phillips curve in our model arises due to a quasi-kinked demand schedule for goods produced by firms. Our model can jointly account for the modest decline in inflation during the Great Recession and the surge in inflation during the Post-Covid period. Because our model implies a stronger transmission of shocks when inflation is high, it generates conditional heteroscedasticity in inflation and inflation risk. Hence, our model can generate more sizeable inflation surges due to cost-push and demand shocks than a standard linearized model. Finally, our model implies that the central bank faces a more severe trade-off between inflation and output stabilization when inflation is high.
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Resolving the Missing Deflation Puzzle
Martín Harding, Jesper Lindé, Mathias Trabandt
Journal of Monetary Economics,
March
2022
Abstract
A resolution of the missing deflation puzzle is proposed. Our resolution stresses the importance of nonlinearities in price- and wage-setting when the economy is exposed to large shocks. We show that a nonlinear macroeconomic model with real rigidities resolves the missing deflation puzzle, while a linearized version of the same underlying nonlinear model fails to do so. In addition, our nonlinear model reproduces the skewness of inflation and other macroeconomic variables observed in post-war U.S. data. All told, our results caution against the common practice of using linearized models to study inflation and output dynamics.
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Globalization, Productivity Growth, and Labor Compensation
Christian Dreger, Marius Fourné, Oliver Holtemöller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2022
Abstract
We analyze how changes in international trade integration affect productivity and the functional income distribution. To account for endogeneity, we construct a leaveout measure for international trade integration for country-industry pairs using international input-output tables. Our findings corroborate on the country-industry level that international trade integration increases productivity. Moreover, we show that both trade in intermediate inputs and trade in value added is associated with lower labor shares in emerging markets. For advanced countries, we document a positive effect of trade in value added on the labor share of income. Further, we show that the effects on productivity and labor share are heterogeneous across different sectors. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for a possible throwback in international trade integration due to experiences from recent crises.
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Inflation Puzzles, the Phillips Curve and Output Expectations: New Perspectives from the Euro Zone
Alessandro Sardone, Roberto Tamborini, Giuliana Passamani
Empirica,
February
2022
Abstract
Confidence in the Phillips Curve (PC) as predictor of inflation developments along the business cycle has been shaken by recent “inflation puzzles” in advanced countries, such as the “missing disinflation” in the aftermath of the Great Recession and the “missing inflation” in the years of recovery, to which the Euro-Zone “excess deflation” during the post-crisis depression may be added. This paper proposes a newly specified Phillips Curve model, in which expected inflation, instead of being treated as an exogenous explanatory variable of actual inflation, is endogenized. The idea is simply that if the PC is used to foresee inflation, then its expectational component should in some way be the result of agents using the PC itself. As a consequence, the truly independent explanatory variables of inflation turn out to be the output gaps and the related forecast errors by agents, with notable empirical consequences. The model is tested with the Euro-Zone data 1999–2019 showing that it may provide a consistent explanation of the “inflation puzzles” by disentangling the structural component from the expectational effects of the PC.
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26.01.2022 • 2/2022
Investment, output gap, and public finances in the medium term: Implications of the Second Supplementary Budget 2021
With the Second Supplementary Budget 2021, the German government plans to allocate a reserve of 60 billion euros to the Energy and Climate Fund. This additional spending is also meant to reduce the macroeconomic follow-up costs of the pandemic. According to the IWH’s medium-term projection, the expenditure is expected to increase output by about 0.5% at the peak of its impact in 2024. “While this macroeconomic effect is welcome, the additional investment will by no means compensate for the lack of investment activity since the beginning of the pandemic,” says Oliver Holtemöller, head of the Department Macroeconomics and vice president at Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). Moreover, the supplementary budget is likely to reduce confidence in the reliability of the debt brake.
Oliver Holtemöller
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International Trade Barriers and Regional Employment: The Case of a No-Deal Brexit
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Oliver Holtemöller
Journal of Economic Structures,
No. 11,
2021
Abstract
We use the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) combined with regional sectoral employment data to estimate the potential regional employment effects of international trade barriers. We study the case of a no-deal Brexit in which imports to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) would be subject to tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. First, we derive the decline in UK final goods imports from the EU from industry-specific international trade elasticities, tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. Using input–output analysis, we estimate the potential output and employment effects for 56 industries and 43 countries on the national level. The absolute effects would be largest in big EU countries which have close trade relationships with the UK, such as Germany and France. However, there would also be large countries outside the EU which would be heavily affected via global value chains, such as China, for example. The relative effects (in percent of total employment) would be largest in Ireland followed by Belgium. In a second step, we split up the national effects on the NUTS-2 level for EU member states and additionally on the county (NUTS-3) level for Germany. The share of affected workers varies between 0.03% and 3.4% among European NUTS-2 regions and between 0.15% and 0.4% among German counties. A general result is that indirect effects via global value chains, i.e., trade in intermediate inputs, are more important than direct effects via final demand.
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Die veränderten Wettbewerbsbedingungen von Nordrhein-Westfalen durch ein verändertes ‚level-playing-field‘ in den Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zum Vereinigten Königreich und Nordirland
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Andrej Drygalla, Oliver Holtemöller, Martina Kämpfe, Axel Lindner
IWH Studies,
No. 1,
2021
Abstract
Am 31.01.2020 ist das Vereinigte Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland (Großbritannien) aus der Europäischen Union (EU) ausgetreten. Das Land ist bisher als Handelspartner der nordrhein-westfälischen Wirtschaft von erheblicher Bedeutung gewesen: 2015, im Jahr vor dem britischen Volksentscheid zugunsten eines Austritts, war es mit einem Anteil von 7,7% der drittwichtigste Absatzmarkt für Warenexporte aus Nordrhein-Westfalen, und immerhin 4,6% aller Warenimporte stammten aus Großbritannien. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Konsequenzen des Brexit für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen erörtert. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der kurzen bis mittleren Frist, denn das zentrale Instrument der Analyse, die Input-Output-Rechnung, nutzt Informationen über gegenwärtige Wirtschaftsstrukturen, die sich an die nach dem Austritt Großbritanniens neuen Rahmenbedingungen im Lauf der Zeit anpassen werden. Die Perspektiven für die wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen Großbritannien und der EU, wie sie sich im Frühjahr 2020 darstellen, werden am Anfang der Studie (Abschnitt 2) skizziert. Daran schließt sich ein Überblick der Literatur zu den wirtschaftlichen Folgen des Brexit für Europa, für Deutschland und für einzelne Regionen an (Abschnitt 3). Das zentrale Kapitel der Studie (Abschnitt 4) beleuchtet die Effekte des Brexit auf die Wirtschaft Nordrhein-Westfalens. Dabei geht es vor allem um den Güterhandel, die Produktion und die Beschäftigung, aber auch um Effekte auf Investitionen und Arbeitsproduktivität. Um auch wichtige indirekte Effekte über Vorleistungsbeziehungen zu erfassen, kommt die Input-Output-Analyse zum Einsatz. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der Wirtschaftsstruktur Nordrhein-Westfalens und der Handelsverflechtungen zwischen Großbritannien, Deutschland und der EU werden die kurz- bis mittelfristigen Effekte des Brexit auf den Güterhandel, die Produktion und die Beschäftigung in Deutschland und in neun nordrhein-westfälischen Regionen simuliert. An die so erzielten Ergebnisse schließen sich qualitative Überlegungen zu den Effekten auf Investitionstätigkeit und Produktivitätsentwicklung an. In Abschnitt 5 wird diskutiert, ob sich mit dem Brexit nicht auch Chancen für die Wirtschaft Nordrhein-Westfalens bieten. Zu diesem Zweck wird untersucht, in welchen Branchen sowohl Großbritannien als auch Nordrhein-Westfalen bisher innerhalb der EU komparative Vorteile gehabt haben, und ob der Austritt Großbritanniens dort Marktanteilsgewinne der heimischen Wirtschaft ermöglichen könnte. In Abschnitt 6 wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Instrumente und Maßnahmen von der Politik genutzt werden könnten, um einen fairen und regelbasierten Wettbewerb auf Basis des bisherigen ‚level-playing-field‘ zwischen nordrhein-westfälischen und britischen Unternehmen zu gewährleisten. In einem abschließenden Abschnitt 7 werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Studie zusammengefasst.
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Regional Effects of Professional Sports Franchises – Causal Evidence from Four European Football Leagues
Matthias Brachert
Regional Studies,
No. 2,
2021
Abstract
The locational pattern of clubs in four professional football leagues in Europe is used to test the causal effect of relegations on short-run regional development. The study relies on the relegation mode of the classical round-robin tournament in the European model of sport to develop a regression-discontinuity design. The results indicate small and significant negative short-term effects on regional employment and output in the sports-related economic sector. In addition, small negative effects on overall regional employment growth are found. Total regional gross value added remains unaffected.
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Optimizing Policymakers’ Loss Functions in Crisis Prediction: Before, Within or After?
Peter Sarlin, Gregor von Schweinitz
Macroeconomic Dynamics,
No. 1,
2021
Abstract
Early-warning models most commonly optimize signaling thresholds on crisis probabilities. The expost threshold optimization is based upon a loss function accounting for preferences between forecast errors, but comes with two crucial drawbacks: unstable thresholds in recursive estimations and an in-sample overfit at the expense of out-of-sample performance. We propose two alternatives for threshold setting: (i) including preferences in the estimation itself and (ii) setting thresholds ex-ante according to preferences only. Given probabilistic model output, it is intuitive that a decision rule is independent of the data or model specification, as thresholds on probabilities represent a willingness to issue a false alarm vis-à-vis missing a crisis. We provide simulated and real-world evidence that this simplification results in stable thresholds and improves out-of-sample performance. Our solution is not restricted to binary-choice models, but directly transferable to the signaling approach and all probabilistic early-warning models.
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Switching to Good Policy? The Case of Central and Eastern European Inflation Targeters
Andrej Drygalla
Macroeconomic Dynamics,
No. 8,
2020
Abstract
The paper analyzes how actual monetary policy changed following the official adoption of inflation targeting in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland and how it affected the volatilities of important macroeconomic variables in the years thereafter. To disentangle the effects of the policy shift from exogenous changes in the volatilities of these variables, a Markov-switching dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is estimated that allows for regime switches in the policy parameters and the volatilities of shocks hitting the economies. Whereas estimation results reveal periods of high and low volatility for all three economies, the presence of different policy regimes is supported by the underlying data for the Czech Republic and Poland, only. In both economies, monetary policy switched from weak and unsystematic to strong and systematic responses to inflation dynamics. Simulation results suggest that the policy shifts of both central banks successfully reduced inflation volatility in the following years. The observed reduction in output volatility, on the other hand, is attributed more to a reduction in the size of external shocks.
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