Von „grünen Investitionen“ und „glühenden Landschaften“: Was sind die Treiber des Heizenergieverbrauchs in Mehrfamilienhäusern? – Ergebnisse auf Grundlage des ista-IWH-Energieeffizienzindex
Claus Michelsen, Timo Zumbro, Marius Claudy
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2012
Abstract
Investitionen in die Energieeffizienz von Mehrfamilienhäusern müssen sich langfristig für ihre Eigentümer lohnen. Dies ist die notwendige Voraussetzung für höhere Neubau- und Sanierungsaufwendungen, die gewünscht sind, um die von der Europäischen Union und der Bundesregierung aufgerufenen Klimaziele zu erreichen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Determinanten der Kapitalintensität im Wohnungsbau, als Näherungsgröße für die hergestellte (energetische) Qualität, und daran anschließend die Frage, wie sich diese auf den durchschnittlichen regionalen Energieverbrauch auswirkt. Die Analyse bezieht sich dabei bewusst auf Mehrfamilienhäuser, Immobilien, die nicht nur den Charakter eines Konsumguts besitzen, sondern darüber hinaus weitgehend als Renditeobjekte unterhalten werden. Dies hat Implikationen für „grüne Investitionen“ zur Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz: Geringere Energiekosten kommen nicht unmittelbar dem Investor zugute – sein Gewinn liegt vielmehr in der Veränderung der erwarteten Kaltmiete, die – neben regionalen Unterschieden in ihrer absoluten Höhe – auch unterschiedlich stark mit Risiko behaftet sein kann. Untersucht wurden diese Zusammenhänge im Rahmen der Energieeffizienzdebatte bisher jedoch noch nicht. Tatsächlich zeigt die durchgeführte empirische Untersuchung, dass Investoren Standorte mit geringerem erwartetem Risiko sowie größeren Mieterträgen bevorzugen und dort entsprechend höhere Mittel für den Geschosswohnungsbau aufwenden.
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International Trade Patterns and Labour Markets – An Empirical Analysis for EU Member States
Götz Zeddies
International Journal of Economics and Business Research,
2012
Abstract
During the last decades, international trade flows of the industrialized countries became more and more intra-industry. At the same time, employment perspectives particularly of the low-skilled by tendency deteriorated in these countries. This phenomenon is often traced back to the fact that intra-industry trade (IIT), which should theoretically involve low labour market adjustment, became increasingly vertical in nature. Against this background, the present paper investigates the relationship between international trade patterns and selected labour market indicators in European countries. As the results show, neither inter- nor vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) do have a verifiable effect on wage spread in EU member states. As far as structural unemployment is concerned, the latter increases only with the degree of countries’ specialization on capital intensively manufactured products in inter-industry trade relations. Only for unemployment of the less-skilled, a slightly significant impact of superior VIIT seems to exist.
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Effects of Fiscal Stimulus in Structural Models
Mathias Trabandt, Günter Coenen, Christopher J. Erceg, Charles Freedman, Davide Furceri, Michael Kumhof, René Lalonde, Douglas Laxton, Jesper Lindé, Annabelle Mourougane, Dirk Muir, Susanna Mursula, Carlos de Resende, John Roberts, Werner Roeger, Stephen Snudden, Jan in't Veld
American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,
No. 1,
2012
Abstract
The paper subjects seven structural DSGE models, all used heavily by policymaking institutions, to discretionary fiscal stimulus shocks using seven different fiscal instruments, and compares the results to those of two prominent academic DSGE models. There is considerable agreement across models on both the absolute and relative sizes of different types of fiscal multipliers. The size of many multipliers is large, particularly for spending and targeted transfers. Fiscal policy is most effective if it has moderate persistence and if monetary policy is accommodative. Permanently higher spending or deficits imply significantly lower initial multipliers.
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Quality of Work: An Investigation for East and West Germany for the Years 1994 and 2009
Herbert S. Buscher, S. Noack, M. Pelz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2011
Abstract
“Quality of work” – a mainly subjective judgement of employees about their work and the corresponding conditions gained momentum over the last decades. But contrary to quantitative aspects of work and worklife, the term “quality of work” is rather hard to measure and it consists of a mixture of many single indicators related to the worklife of employees. The spectrum of these single indicators range from health considerations up to a flexible management of the work time over a month or a year. The present work contributes to the discussion about the quality of work by introducing additional single indicators into the debate. These are commuting, carreer opportunities within a firm, individual satisfaction with the work income, and a correspondence between formal qualification and the present job. The investigation distinguishes between East and West Germany as well as between age cohorts and the qualification of the interviewed persons. The results are based on the GSOEP for the years 1994 and 2009. Looking at these two years we expect some insights into possible changes in the judgement with respect to the quality of work especially for East German employees shortly after the fall of the wall and nowadays. These insights should help to draw conclusions if East and West German employees are still different in their judgements or if a process of convergence in opions occurred.
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Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany
Claudia M. Buch, J. Kleinert, Farid Toubal
European Economic Review,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
Standard neoclassical models of economic integration are based on the assumptions that capital and labor are substitutes and that the geography of factor market integration does not matter. Yet, these two assumptions are violated if agglomeration forces among factors from specific source countries are at work. Agglomeration implies that factors behave as complements and that the country of origin matters. This paper analyzes agglomeration between capital and labor empirically. We use state-level German data to answer the question whether and how migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) are linked. Stocks of inward FDI and of immigrants have similar determinants, and the geography of factor market integration matters. There are higher stocks of inward FDI in German states hosting a large foreign population from the same country of origin. This agglomeration effect is confined to higher-income source countries.
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