Monetary Policy and Bank Lending in Japan: An Agency-based Approach
Diemo Dietrich
Incentives and Economic Behaviour,
2005
Abstract
This paper studies the incentive effects on Japanese banks of a low interest rate policy by the Bank of Japan. It utilizes a simplified version of an overlapping principal-agent-style model of corporate finance originally developed in Dietrich (2003). This model is dedicated to study the monetary policy transmission mechanism by combining arguments of the broad credit channel and the bank lending channel taking into account that banks need to be provided with incentives to monitor entrepreneurs. We argue that stipulating banks to possess some amount of own capital generate these incentives. We denote this capital requirement to be market based and show that this requirement depends crucially on interest rates. After revealing some shortcomings of the credit crunch hypothesis, we apply this approach to the Japanese economy. As a result, a policy of very low interest rates may not only be inefficient but counterproductive to reactivate a stumbled economy via the usual credit channel.
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Network Access Charges, Vertical Integration, and Property Rights Structure
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
Energy Economics,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
After the deregulation of the German electricity markets in 1998, the German government opted for a regulatory regime called negotiated third party access, which would be subject to ex post control by the federal cartel office. Network access charges for new competitors are based on contractual arrangements between energy producers and industrial consumers. As the electricity networks are incontestable natural monopolies, the local and regional network operators are able to set (monopolistic) charges at their own discretion, limited only by their concerns over possible interference by the federal cartel office (Bundeskartellamt). In this paper we analyse if there is evidence for varying charging behaviour depending on a supplier`s economic independence (structure of property rights) or its level of vertical integration. For this purpose we hypothesise that incorporated and vertically integrated suppliers set different charges than independent utility companies. Multivariate estimations show a relation between network access charges and the network operator’s economic independence as well as level of vertical integration. On the low voltage level, for an estimated annual consumption of 1700 kW/h, vertically integrated firms set – as predicted by our hypothesis - significantly lower access charges than vertically separated suppliers, whereas incorporated network operators charge significantly higher charges compared to independent suppliers. There is insufficient evidence available to confirm these results for other consumptions or voltage levels.
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Analysis of statements made in favour of and against the adoption of competition law in developing and transition economies
Johannes Stephan, Franz Kronthaler, Frank Emmert
One-off Publications,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
The paper is concerned with documenting and assessing statements made by policymakers, opinion formers, and other stakeholders in favour and against the adoption of competition laws with particular reference to transition and developing countries which have not yet enacted these kind of laws. For example, claims that competition enforcement might reduce the inflow of foreign direct investment, or that other policies are successfully used as substitutes for competition law, are assessed. In a first step, the method of generalized analysis structures the list of statements around core issues of common features to make them accessible to further interpretation and assessment. The paper shows that some claims are in fact country or region specific, and specific to the development level of the respective countries. In a second step, the core issues are assessed according to economic and legal criteria. Since the analysis focuses on transition and developing countries, the criteria for economic assessment are predominantly economic growth and development issues, but also include the economic coherency of a set of claims submitted by stakeholders in a given country. The criteria for legal assessment include whether claims are problematic in light of WTO-principles, or are even born out of a political objective which is incompatible with the spirit, if not the letter of WTO-rules.
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East German demographic development and the Financial Equalization Scheme
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2005
Abstract
Die ostdeutschen Länder und Gemeinden sind aufgrund ihrer geringen Steuer- und Finanzkraft in erheblichem Maße von finanziellen Leistungen des Bundes und der westdeutschen Länder abhängig. Vielfach wird erwartet, dass diese Transferabhängigkeit in den kommenden Jahren abnehmen wird. Da insbesondere die Zuweisungen im Rahmen des Länderfinanzausgleichs (einschließlich der Umsatzsteuerverteilung und der Fehlbedarfs-Bundesergänzungszuweisungen) von der weiteren Entwicklung der Wirtschaftsleistung in den neuen Ländern abhängen, wird es hierzu aber nur kommen, wenn der Wachstumsprozess in Ostdeutschland in den nächsten Jahren erheblich an Dynamik zulegt.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ausgehend von einer Projektion der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung bis zum Jahre 2020 gezeigt, dass die Chancen für eine bedeutsame Verringerung der Zahlungen an die neuen Länder nicht besonders hoch einzuschätzen sind. Unter den hier getroffenen Annahmen zur Entwicklung von Produktivität und Erwerbsquote wird der Umfang des Länderfinanzausgleichs (einschließlich der damit verbundenen Ausgleichs-systeme) im Untersuchungszeitraum sogar noch leicht zunehmen. Grund hierfür ist, dass die finanziellen Ausgleichssysteme eine weitgehende Nivellierung von Finanzkraftunterschieden zwischen den Ländern vorsehen und die Höhe der Zahlungen deswegen primär vom gesamtdeutschen Wirtschaftswachstum abhängen. Dennoch wird sich die Finanzlage der ostdeutschen Länder und Gemeinden von einem derzeit noch recht komfortablen Niveau deutlich verschlechtern, da gleichzeitig in diesem Zeitraum die Zuweisungen im Rahmen des Solidarpaktes II vollständig abgeschmolzen werden. Hieraus erwächst die Notwendigkeit, neben einer Anpassung der Ausgaben auch die eigenen Bemühungen zur Stärkung der Wachstumskräfte in Ostdeutschland zu erhöhen.
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Stability and Growth Pact: No appropriate Strategy for Consolidation
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
In the last years public budgets in the EU worsened more an more. Especially when considering the demographic development in western industrial countries and, thus, increasing pressures on public spending, these findings are distressing. Consolidation can either be achieved by a sequence of discretionary policy decisions or be the result of a fiscal rule – whereas the last seems to be predominant. Creating the Stability and Growth Pact the EU decided to establish a fiscal rule. This rule, which apparently has failed to reign in public deficits. So a reforming debate has recently started. The superiority of a rule crucially depends on whether it is well defined and whether it satisfies certain criteria. According to these criteria the Stability and Growth Pact clearly shows weak points. Moreover the proposals now discussed not only show the same weaknesses – they even create new ones and mainly work by reducing requirements. Against this background the IWH again proposes the implementation of a spending path that is superior to the Stability and Growth Path.
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The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
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Development of tax revenues in the new Länder - an east-west comparison -
Kristina vanDeuverden
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 196,
2004
Abstract
In 2003 tax revenue in the new Länder were about 30% of the level in the old Länder. The survey analyses the current situation, the structures and the development since unification. The paper concludes that caused by the current tax system a further convergence of tax receipts could not have been expected – and should not be expected within the next years.
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Declining population and rising costs for municipal services
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2004
Abstract
Population decrease in many East-German towns and municipalities does not only increase the stock of empty residential buildings. It also makes provision of network-related goods and services more costly. Considering public water and sewerage services as example, the article investigates empirically how costs of provision per inhabitant depend on population number and -density. Diverging from similar studies, spatial differences in distribution costs per inhabitant are calculated within the area of a case study municipality. The calculations are based on cost accounting data of the local provider. A central problem is the choice of an appropriate spatial key figure to allocate costs. The results indicate cost advantages in providing densely populated quarters with network-related services. Consequently, rising per-capita costs should be taken into account to a greater extent for the city conversion programmes in East Germany than they have been up to now.
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Demographischer Wandel in Sachsen – Teilbereich „Staatliche Handlungsfähigkeit/finanzielle Ressourcen“ – Teil III: „Implikationen für die Wirtschaftsförderung und den Infrastrukturaufbau“
Joachim Ragnitz
Gutachten des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle im Auftrag der Sächsischen Staatskanzlei,
2004
Abstract
Sachsen wird wie auch die übrigen ostdeutschen Länder in den nächsten Jahren massive demographische Umwälzungen hinzunehmen haben, gekennzeichnet zum einen durch einen starken Rückgang der Bevölkerung, zum anderen durch eine Verschiebung der Bevölkerungsstruktur hin zu den höheren Altersgruppen. Dies wird Auswirkungen in allen Bereichen von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft haben, die heute noch längst nicht vollständig erkannt sind. Die Sächsische Staatskanzlei hat aus diesem Grund das IWH gebeten, in einer Expertise die Frage zu behandeln, auf welche Weise die Wirtschaftspolitik auf die Herausforderungen der demographischen Entwicklung reagieren kann und soll. Darüber hinaus wurden weitere Gutachter beauftragt, die Konsequenzen des demographischen Wandels für die Familienpolitik, den Arbeitsmarkt und die Finanzpolitik abzuschätzen.
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The Contestable Markets Theory - Efficient Advice for Economic Policy
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
2004
Abstract
During the nineties of the last century several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions be complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this „revised“ contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication sections local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, expected high entry lags and a probably short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks, which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non-contestable monopolistic networks.
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