24.10.2013 • 36/2013
Wettbewerb im Finanzföderalismus funktioniert auch im Länderfinanzausgleich
Im gegenwärtigen System des Länderfinanzausgleichs lohnt es sich für die Bundesländer kaum, intensiv Steuern einzutreiben. Forscher und Forscherinnen des IWH zeigen, dass die Länder relativ wenig Personal und Zeit in Betriebsprüfungen investieren, wenn sie einen vergleichsweise hohen Anteil der zusätzlich erzielten Steuereinnahmen sofort wieder an andere Länder abgeben müssen (Grenzbelastung). Einen klaren Vorteil für einen zentralen Steuervollzug durch den Bund sehen die Wissenschaftler jedoch ebenfalls nicht. Dann nämlich entfiele der Wettbewerb der Länder untereinander um die kundenfreundlichste und kostengünstigste Steuerverwaltung.
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher
Who Invests in Home Equity to Exempt Wealth from Bankruptcy?
S. Corradin, Reint E. Gropp, H. Huizinga, Luc Laeven
Abstract
Homestead exemptions to personal bankruptcy allow households to retain their home equity up to a limit determined at the state level. Households that may experience bankruptcy thus have an incentive to bias their portfolios towards home equity. Using US household data for the period 1996 to 2006, we find that household demand for real estate is relatively high if the marginal investment in home equity is covered by the exemption. The home equity bias is more pronounced for younger households that face more financial uncertainty and therefore have a higher ex ante probability of bankruptcy.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage zum Jahresauftakt 2013: Nach schwachem Jahresabschluss verhaltener Optimismus
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2013
Abstract
Im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands liefen die Geschäfte im Jahr 2012 schleppender als im Jahr davor. Die vom IWH regelmäßig befragten Unternehmen signalisierten in den ersten Monaten noch eine Geschäfts-täigkeit auf hohem Niveau, zum Ende des Jahres 2012 befand sich die ostdeutsche Industrie jedoch auf Talfahrt. Die Meldungen der Unternehmen zur Ertragslage lassen erkennen, dass 2012 dennoch ein gutes, wenn auch kein überragendes Jahr war. Knapp drei Viertel der Befragten erwirtschafteten Gewinne, und nur jedes zehnte Industrieunternehmen war in der Verlustzone. Wie schon im Jahr zuvor konnten sich die Unternehmen auch 2012 im Durchschnitt über positive Entwicklungen beim Umsatz freuen. 44% erzielten mehr Umsatz als 2011, 15% genauso viel und 41% weniger.
Für das Jahr 2013 gehen die Unternehmen von einer etwas dynamischeren Umsatzentwicklung aus. Die Be-schäftigungspläne der Unternehmen sind per saldo im Plus. 27% der Befragten wollen im Jahr 2013 Personal einstellen und 60% ihren Personalbestand halten.
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Regional Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Biotech Industry: Exploring the Transition from Award-winning Nascent Entrepreneurs to Real Start-ups
Claus Michelsen, H. Wolf, Michael Schwartz
European Planning Studies,
2013
Abstract
Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups.
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Sweden’s Policy for Guaranteeing Service Provision Based on the Example of Jämtland
Franziska Jungermann
Europa Regional,
No. -1,
2012
Abstract
The northern Swedish Jämtland county is among the most sparsely populated regions in Europe. Due to its rural/peripheral character and a dispersive settlement structure, it is particularly called upon to maintain adequate service provision. An empirical study analysed the provisions of services of general interest for children and elderly persons and adult education in the Country of Jämtland to discover how the various types of services of general interest are organised in this area, what effect the demographic change has on the provision of these services and whether any adjustment processes can be observed. It became apparent that the local players have a clear awareness of the problems related to the demographic change, although to date one cannot speak of explicit adjustment processes.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage in Ostdeutschland zum Jahresauftakt 2012: Verarbeitendes Gewerbe nach Schwäche wieder zuversichtlicher
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2012
Abstract
Im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands liefen die Geschäfte im vergangenen Jahr recht gut. Viel Dynamik war in der ersten Jahreshälfte zu beobachten, und mehrheitlich erreichten die Geschäftsaktivitäten im Sommer einen Höhepunkt. Wie schon im Vorjahr sind die Geschäfte auch im Jahr 2011 vor allem für mittlere und große Unternehmen mit 250 und mehr Beschäftigten gut gelaufen. Die Ertragslage der Industrieunternehmen hat sich gegenüber dem Jahr 2010 leicht, bei den Investitionsgüterherstellern stärker verbessert. Die Unternehmen berichten
auch im Jahr 2011 wieder über positive Entwicklungen beim Umsatz. Zwei Drittel erzielten mehr Umsatz als 2010, 12% genauso viel und 21% weniger. Den kräftigsten Schub im Vergleich zum Vorjahr erreichten 2011 die Hersteller von Investitionsgütern. Nicht so gut lief es bei den Konsumgüterproduzenten, sie rechnen eine unterdurchschnittliche Entwicklung ab. Für das laufende Jahr 2012 sind die Erwartungen an die Umsatzentwicklung im ostdeutschen Verarbeitenden Gewerbe insgesamt etwas zurückhaltender. Nur noch die Hälfte der Unternehmen geht von einem Zuwachs aus. Vergrößert hat sich vor allem die Gruppe derjenigen Befragten, die von gleichbleibendem Umsatz ausgehen. Die Beschäftigungspläne der Unternehmen für das Jahr 2012 sind per saldo im Plus. 36% der Unternehmen wollen Personal einstellen und 54% den aktuellen Bestand beibehalten.
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Quality of Work: An Investigation for East and West Germany for the Years 1994 and 2009
Herbert S. Buscher, S. Noack, M. Pelz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2011
Abstract
“Quality of work” – a mainly subjective judgement of employees about their work and the corresponding conditions gained momentum over the last decades. But contrary to quantitative aspects of work and worklife, the term “quality of work” is rather hard to measure and it consists of a mixture of many single indicators related to the worklife of employees. The spectrum of these single indicators range from health considerations up to a flexible management of the work time over a month or a year. The present work contributes to the discussion about the quality of work by introducing additional single indicators into the debate. These are commuting, carreer opportunities within a firm, individual satisfaction with the work income, and a correspondence between formal qualification and the present job. The investigation distinguishes between East and West Germany as well as between age cohorts and the qualification of the interviewed persons. The results are based on the GSOEP for the years 1994 and 2009. Looking at these two years we expect some insights into possible changes in the judgement with respect to the quality of work especially for East German employees shortly after the fall of the wall and nowadays. These insights should help to draw conclusions if East and West German employees are still different in their judgements or if a process of convergence in opions occurred.
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Ostdeutsche Transformationsgesellschaft: Zum Fortbestand von Strukturen und Verhaltensweisen
Alexander Kubis, Cornelia Lang, Lutz Schneider, Gerhard Heimpold
A. Lorenz (Hrsg.), Ostdeutschland und die Sozialwissenschaften. Bilanz und Perspektiven 20 Jahre nach der Wiedervereinigung,
2011
Abstract
Subject of this contribution is, whether socio-economic structures which have evolved since German Unification in East Germany are still different from those in West Germany or whether they are similar. The findings reveal similarities in terms of fertility behavior and mortality, and educational attainment measured by the proportion of high-school graduates reveals only minor differences. Contrary, the proportion of persons who have a migration background is considerably lower than in West Germany whereas the proportion of mothers full-time employed exceeds the West German average. Net-migration losses in East Germany linked with the echo-effects of postponed births will exert a strong impact on the future potential of population in working age. This in mind, maintaining human capital will be a great future challenge.
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Ageing and Labour Markets: An Analysis on the effect of worker’s age on productivity, innovation and mobility
Lutz Schneider
Technische Universität Dresden. Dissertation,
2011
Abstract
The present study analyses the labour market effect of workers’ ageing. Explicitly, the impact of age on productivity and wages, on innovation as well as on mobility is explored empirically. The econometric analyses are based on firm and employment data from the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and, thus, refer to the labour market of Germany. Regarding the productivity and wage effects of age the econometric results confirm a positive correlation between firm productivity and the share of middle-aged employees (41-50 years old) within the manufacturing sector. Hence, the results provide evidence of an inverted u-shaped age-productivity profile in this sector also found for other countries. Furthermore, age-wage and age-productivity profiles seem to follow unequal patterns. Compared to the group of the 15-30 and the 51 and above years old workers the group of middle-aged employees earn less than a productivity based wage scheme would require. In terms of age effects on innovativeness the micro-econometric analysis again reveals an inverted u-shaped profile. Workers aged around 40 years seem to act as key driver for innovation activities within firms. An additional finding concerns the impact of age diversity on innovation. The expected positive effect of a heterogeneous age structure is not confirmed by the data. With respect to labour market mobility results are in favour of a negative correlation between age and job mobility either in terms of changing professions or firms. The estimation of a multi equation model verifies that expected wages of older workers do not or only marginally increase due to job mobility, so, financial incentives to change jobs are very low. Yet, even after controlling the absent wage incentive older employees still remain more immobile than younger workers. Altogether, these results should not only be of academic interest but also informative for actors on the firm and the governmental level. Both sides are asked to cope with the challenges of demographic change. Only by maintaining productivity and innovativeness until old ages the necessary resources can be generated to preserve an economy’s prosperity even if the share of non-active population is increasing by demographic developments. Secondly, enhancing productivity is essential to ensure employability of older persons and to sustain the size of workforce even in the circumstances of an ageing economy.
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Regional Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Biotech Industry: Exploring the Transition from Award-winning Nascent Entrepreneurs to Real Start-ups
H. Wolf, Claus Michelsen, Michael Schwartz
Abstract
Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new
approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups.
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