Revitalisierungsprobleme ostdeutscher Innenstädte - Das Beispiel der Erreichbarkeit des Zentrums von Halle (Saale)
Peter Franz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 201,
2004
Abstract
In the nineties the revitalization of the center of the city of Halle (Saale) (Saxony-
Anhalt) has been delayed by accessibility problems. The author uses the data of an empirical investigation in 2004 consisting of interviews with people in the street (N = 1 492) to check if this problematic situation is still existing. The results show ameliorations especially for persons using an automobile to reach the city center. Problems of accessibility tend to be rather low-rated on the list of urgent inner city problems. In comparison with several West German cities the city center of Halle still attracts a relative low proportion of persons living in the suburbs and the surrounding region.
Read article
Current Trends: number of registered unemployed persons in Germany from EU acceding countries and candidates very low
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2004
Abstract
Die Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigten Ausländer in Deutschland aus den Beitrittsländern und Beitrittskandidaten ist sehr gering: Nur etwa 102 000 SV-pflichtig Beschäftigte in Westdeutschland und knapp 6 000 in Ostdeutschland kamen Mitte des Jahres 2003 aus den Beitrittsländern. Dies entsprach lediglich 0,5% der Arbeitnehmer in Westdeutschland und 0,1% in Ostdeutschland. In Westdeutschland stammten mehr als 90% dieser Beschäftigten aus Polen, Tschechien, Ungarn und der Slowakei, in Ostdeutschland waren es 95%. Aus Bulgarien und Rumänien kamen knapp 29 000 SV-pflichtig Beschäftigte in Westdeutschland und 1 100 in Ostdeutschland. Damit hatten in Westdeutschland 0,1% und in Ostdeutschland 0,03% der Beschäftigten die Staatsangehörigkeit der Beitrittskandidaten.
Read article
Evaluation of Further Training Programmes with an Optimal Matching Algorithm
Eva Reinowski, Birgit Schultz, Jürgen Wiemers
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 188,
2004
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of further training on the individual unemployment duration of different groups of persons representing individual characteristics and some aspects of the economic environment. The Micro Census Saxony enables us to include additional information about a person's employment history to eliminate the bias resulting from unobservable characteristics and to avoid Ashenfelter's Dip. In order to solve the sample selection problem we employ an optimal full matching assignment, the Hungarian algorithm. The impact of participation in further training is evaluated by comparing the unemployment duration between participants and non-participants using the Kaplan-Meier-estimator. Overall, we find empirical evidence that participation in further training programmes results in even longer unemployment duration.
Read article
IWH Economic Outlook 2004: No longer waiting for the economic upturn
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2004
Abstract
The Economic Outlook 2004 updates the IWH forecast for 2004 and gives a first outlook on 2005. The world recovery is mainly driven by the strong economic impulses from the USA. Whereas the upturn in the US is domestically driven, the impetus in the euro area is coming from external trade. Nonetheless in Germany corporate investment activity still is slow. Although the tax reductions in 2004 will support private consumption, its overall economic impulse will be weak. German GDP in 2004 will increase 1.6% and 1.8% in 2005. At the labour market no clear improvement can be expected till the second half of 2004; on a yearly average employment will decrease by 100 000 persons in 2004. Albeit the partly broad forward third instalment of the tax reform, fiscal policy will have a restrictive aim. Monetary policy on the other hand will continue to be highly expansive, but as the output gap shrinks the ECB can be expected to increase interest rates moderately.
Read article
Evaluation von Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik mit Hilfe eines iterativen Matching-Algorithmus - Eine Fallstudie über langzeitarbeitslose Maßnahmeteilnehmer in Sachsen
Eva Reinowski, Birgit Schultz, Jürgen Wiemers
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 173,
2003
Abstract
The paper evaluates the effects of two labor market programs in Germany, namely the Job Creation- /Structural Adjustment Scheme and Vocational Training, on the unemployment duration of long term unemployed persons. The study uses data from the Mikrozensus Sachsen. A two step Nearest-Neighbor-Matching is employed to solve the sample selection problem. The first step is the estimation of the participation tendency to obtain potential pairs and to compute their Mahalanobis distances. For the assignment of pairs in the second step two different procedures are used: a standard technique and a new one - the iterative improvement of an initial assignment. This process is superior to the standard matching algorithms in the sense that it allows for a closer match between participants and non-participants. Including additional information about a person’s employment history enables us to eliminate the bias due to unobservables. The impact of participation in a labor market program is evaluated by comparing the unemployment duration between both groups using the Cox Proportional Hazard Model. Overall we find empirical evidence that both participation in Job Creation- /Structural Adjustment Scheme and Vocational Training result in even longer unemployment.
Read article
Subjective assessments of life situation in East and West Germany still differ
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2002
Abstract
One of the expected outcomes of the German unification was a rapidly rising living standard in East Germany. With the realization that the convergence oft the living conditions between East and West Germany will take much longer than most people anticipated, widespread disillusionment set in. Our analysis of a survey reveals that there are still significant differences in the assessment of their personal economic conditions and their views about the general business situation between East- and West-Germans.
Read article
Current Trends - High number of commuters takes pressure off East German labor market
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2002
Abstract
The article describes the increasing gap between persons engaged according to national concept and persons engaged according to domestic concept in East Germany and its impact on the labor market.
Read article
Local Taxes and Capital Structure Choice
Reint E. Gropp
International Tax and Public Finance,
No. 1,
2002
Abstract
This paper investigates the question of taxation and capital structure choice in Germany. Germany represents an excellent case study for investigating the question of whether and to what extent taxes influence the debt-equity decision of firms, because the relative tax burdens on debt and equity vary greatly across communities. German communities levy local taxes on profits and long-term debt payments in addition to personal and corporate taxes on the federal level. A stylized model is presented incorporating these taxes. The model shows that local taxes create substantial incentives for firms to use debt financing. Furthermore, the paper empirically investigates the effect of local business taxes on the share of debt used to finance incremental investments by German firms. I find that local taxes significantly influence the capital structure choice of firms, controlling for a large number of other factors. In an extensive sensitivity analysis the tax effect are found to be robust across several different specifications.
Read article
Municipal "Help for Work": Which role do organisational aspects play?
Cornelia Lang, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2001
Abstract
Steigende Sozialhilfeausgaben haben die Kommunen in den letzten Jahren bewogen, die kommunale Arbeitsmarktpolitik zu intensivieren. Dieses Bestreben hat dazu geführt, dass die Kommunen unter dem programmatischen Motto „Arbeit statt Sozialhilfe“ eigenständige Konzepte und Organisationsformen entwickelt haben, um möglichst viele arbeitsfähige Sozialhilfeempfänger wieder in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren. Der Erfolg dieser kommunalen Aktivitäten ist von der Ausgestaltung verschiedener Typen beschäftigungspolitischer Maßnahmen abhängig, aber auch vom organisatorischen Rahmen dieser Maßnahmen. Das betrifft sowohl die Aufgabenverteilung im Sozialamt, die Zahl und die Qualifikation des dort eingesetzten Personals als auch die Form der Zusammenarbeit mit Trägern von beschäftigungspolitischen Maßnahmen. In diesem Bereich gibt es erfolgreiche Ansätze, aber auch noch verschiedene Defizite. Erfolgversprechend erscheinen Ansätze wie das case management, welches die Kompetenzen der Sozialamtsmitarbeiter erweitert und ihnen die Möglichkeit bietet, Hilfeempfänger individueller zu betreuen und damit auch deren Chancen auf eine erfolgreiche Maßnahmenteilnahme und nicht zuletzt eine gelungene Rückkehr in den Arbeitsmarkt zu erhöhen. Andererseits sind die Anreize der Akteure im Bereich „Hilfe zur Arbeit“, die Zahl der Hilfeempfänger zu reduzieren, nicht überall optimal gestaltet und stehen im besonderen Maße einer Effektivitätssteigerung in diesem Bereich entgegen.
Read article
Public Research Institutions in East Germany: a Promising Base for Economic Upturn?
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2001
Abstract
In the 1990s a lot was done to strengthen public research efforts in East Germany. The main indicators relating to public research reflect an ambivalent picture. Investment by universities and public research institutions outside the universities reached a higher level than in West Germany. However, there remains an East-West gap with respect to the capital stock. The per capita stock of R&D staff in the university sector reached almost the level in the old Länder. With respect to the university R&D in engineering sciences, among those fields of university research which are particularly business-related, per capita stock of staff as well as per capita investment in the Eastern German Länder are above the West German level. In university natural science the East-West pattern of the R&D input factors mentioned is reversed. The receipts of the universities acquired from research contracts, which may be used as an indicator to assess the quality of public research, reveal shortcomings. These shortcomings, though these have been partly caused by the transitional situation in East Germany`s universities, where new institutions were built up only gradually. The R&D institutions outside the universities are obviously better equipped than such institutions in West Germany.
The visible advantages offered by public sector research institutions in East Germany might be used much more intensively to foster the economic reconstruction in East Germany. In parallel with this, the remaining shortcomings of public R&D in East Germany should be eliminated. If reductions in universities´ capacities (due, for instance, to a declining number of persons who have a university entrance qualification) seem to be inevitable, the consequences of such restrictions should be carefully reconsidered.
Read article