Regional Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Biotech Industry: Exploring the Transition from Award-winning Nascent Entrepreneurs to Real Start-ups
Claus Michelsen, H. Wolf, Michael Schwartz
European Planning Studies,
2013
Abstract
Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups.
Read article
FDI Micro Database – Methodological Note – Survey 2012 in East Germany
Jutta Günther, Andrea Gauselmann, Björn Jindra, Philipp Marek, Jan Engelhardt
One-off Publications,
2012
Abstract
With the integration of post-communist countries into the European and global economy
after 1990, there was strong research interest into the role of multinational enterprises
(MNEs) for economic restructuring and technological catching-up. Most of the existing
empirical studies on locational determinants of FDI and host country effects did not take
account of East Germany. This might be for different reasons: Firstly, theoretical and
empirical difficulties derive from the fact that East Germany followed a distinct transition
pattern as it became a region subsumed in a larger and more mature economy. Secondly,
East Germany received private investment from foreign as well as West German firms. Only
the first can be considered as a foreign direct investment (FDI). Finally, there had long been
a lack of micro data to adequately analyse the activities of corresponding firms from a
production as well as technological perspective.
Read article
Währung ohne Souverän: Zur Ursache und Überwindung der Euro-Krise
Hubert Gabrisch
Leviathan - Berliner Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft,
No. 1,
2013
Abstract
Ich argumentiere, dass eine Währung einen Souverän braucht, um Stabilität auf den Finanzmärkten und in der Realwirtschaft zu sichern. Andernfalls würde eine Währungsunion über kurz oder lang zerfallen. Insofern ist die aktuelle Krise des Euro-Raums auf das Fehlen eines Souveräns zurückzuführen. Die Theorie des optimalen Währungsraums bringt keine Erkenntnisse zur Überwindung der Krise, weil sie die Separierung von Geld und Staat als Grundlage hat. Auch deshalb liefert sie eher eine Begründung für Reformen wie den Fiskalpakt, dem zufolge fiskalische Operationen von der Einschätzung der Finanzmärkte abhängen sollen. Ich zeige, wie der Fiskalpakt im Gegenteil zu einer tiefen Rezession und zu einer dauerhaften Kluft zwischen Gläubiger- und Schuldnerländern führen wird. Notwendig ist vielmehr eine Transformation der Währungsunion in einen souveränen Währungsraum, in dem eine effektive Koordination von Geld- und Fiskalpolitik zwischen einer EU-Finanzbehörde und der Zentralbank im Sinne einer funktionalen Fiskalpolitik möglich wird.
Read article
Women Move Differently: Job Separations and Gender
Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel
Journal of Labor Research,
No. 4,
2012
Abstract
Using a large German linked employer–employee data set and methods of competing risks analysis, this paper investigates gender differences in job separation rates to employment and nonemployment. In line with descriptive evidence, we find lower job-to-job and higher job-to-nonemployment transition probabilities for women than men when controlling for individual and workplace characteristics and unobserved plant heterogeneity. These differences vanish once we allow these characteristics to affect separations differently by gender. When additionally controlling for wages, we find that both separation rates are considerably lower and also significantly less wage-elastic for women than for men, suggesting an interplay of gender differences in transition behaviour and the gender pay gap.
Read article
Regional Determinants of MNE’s Location Choice in Post-transition Economies
Andrea Gauselmann, Philipp Marek
Empirica,
No. 4,
2012
Abstract
This article focuses on the impact of agglomeration and labour market factors on the location choice of MNEs in post-transition economies. We compare data from 33 regions in East Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland using a mixed logit model on a sample of 4,343 subsidiaries for the time period between 2000 and 2010. The results show that agglomeration advantages, such as sectoral specialization as well as a region’s economic and technological performance prove to be some of the most important pull factors for FDI in post-transition regions.
Read article
Heterogeneous FDI in Transition Economies – A Novel Approach to Assess the Developmental Impact of Backward Linkages
Axèle Giroud, Björn Jindra, Philipp Marek
World Development,
No. 11,
2012
Abstract
Traditional models of technology transfer via FDI rely upon technology gap and absorptive capacity arguments to explain host economies’ potential to benefit from technological spillovers. This paper emphasizes foreign affiliates’ technological heterogeneity. We apply a novel approach differentiating extent and intensity of backward linkages between foreign affiliates and local suppliers. We use survey data on 809 foreign affiliates in five transition economies. Our evidence shows that foreign affiliates’ technological capability, embeddedness and autonomy are positively related to knowledge transfer via backward linkages. In contrast to what is widely assumed, we find a non-linear relationship between extent of local sourcing and knowledge transfer to domestic suppliers.
Read article
State Aid in the Enlarged European Union: Taking Stock
Jens Hölscher, Nicole Nulsch, Johannes Stephan
From Global Crisis to Economic Growth. Which Way to Take?, Vol. 1,
2012
Abstract
In the early phase of transition that started with the 1990s, Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) pursued economic restructuring that involved massive injections of state support. With reference to the history of state aids in centrally planned economies we display state aid practices of CEECs since full EU membership and analyse whether their industrial policies during and after transition challenged the European state aid legislation and whether these fit into the EUs strategy of ‘less but better targeted aid’. Therefore, qualitative analysis in case studies is used to supplement a quantitative description of state aid levels in East and West. Findings suggest that in recent years a level playing field across the EU has indeed emerged. In fact, the most pronounced differences in this respect are not observed between CEECs and the EU-15 but rather between Northern and Southern member states.
Read article
Industrielle Güterstrukturen Ostdeutschlands im Wandel
Udo Ludwig, Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
In der Phase des marktwirtschaftlichen Umbaus standen die ostdeutschen Industriebetriebe auch vor der Wahl einer marktgerechten Produktstrategie. Sollten sie auf Spezialisierung oder Vielfalt des Angebots setzen? Der Beitrag analysiert die Ergebnisse in den Jahren 1997 und 2005 auf der Branchenebene im Ost-West-Vergleich und blickt auf die Situation am Ende der DDR zurück. Anhand von Mikrodaten der amtlichen Statistik werden die Branchenherkunft der erzeugten Produkte für die Jahre 1997 und 2005 ermittelt, auf Basis dieser Angaben Spezialisierungsgrade für Branchen und Gütergruppen berechnet und ausgewertet. Die Autoren kommen zu dem Schluss, dass sich in weniger als zwei Jahrzehnten die Grobstruktur der in Ostdeutschland hergestellten Industriegüter deutlich an die Verhältnisse in Westdeutschland angenähert hat. So bilden inzwischen in Ost- wie in Westdeutschland dieselben Gütergruppen die Top Fünf. Unterschiede bestehen allerdings weiterhin in der Rangfolge der Gütergruppen und in den Abständen innerhalb der Rangfolge.
Read article
The Impact of Psychic Distance on Subsidiary Autonomy - Theory and Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries
Gjalt de Jong, D. van Vo, Philipp Marek
Journal of International Management,
2012
Abstract
The key objective of this study is to determine whether or not psychic distance between home and host countries influences the decision-making autonomy of subsidiaries. Theoretical arguments for the relationship between psychic distance and subsidiary autonomy go in both directions with some predicting a negative relationship and others predicting a positive one. We test these conflicting hypotheses with a unique multi-country and multi-industry database reporting survey evidence of 809 subsidiaries located in five Central and Eastern European countries that serve headquarters in 44 different nation states. Psychic distance is a multidimensional construct and measured in terms of linguistic, religious, economic, institutional and geographic distance. The empirical results of 103 country pairs suggest that psychic distance – in terms of religious and economic distance – is positively related to autonomy.
Read article