Regional Development in the Course of Economic Integration: The Case of German Unification, Development Path and Policy Experiences
Gerhard Heimpold
Cohesion and Development Policy in Europe,
2015
Abstract
The article provides an overview what has been achieved so far in economic terms in East Germany after German unification, which structural shortcomings have been persistent since then, and sums up some policy experiences and draws some implications for future economic policy.
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Spatial Development in View of the Re-structuring of Public Administrations – What are the Implications of the Individual Contributions?
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, M. Gather
Gebiets- und Verwaltungsstrukturen im Umbruch: Beiträge zur Reformdiskussion aus Erfahrungen in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen,
No. 360,
2015
Abstract
It must be clear that any kind of appraisal drawn from the results of the individual papers can only be an interim one. Many of the issues raised in the pertinent field of investigation could only be touched upon without being sufficiently debated. In other cases the results of the papers show that further and more thorough investigations are urgently required. It may be stated that public administration structures are basically in a state of constant change, and must repeatedly be adapted to changing economic and social framework conditions. In terms of legal boundaries to territorial restructuring, it should be noted that the size of a municipality may not be permitted to obstruct either the political participation of citizens or the possibility of the municipal decision-makers being sufficiently well-informed.
The overall picture furthermore suggests that reforms in the public sector sphere that are initiated by state actors (i.e. top down) are always extremely complicated affairs.
The objective of the regional working group of the Academy of Spatial Research and Planning (ARL) for the states Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thüringen was to highlight some of the most significant aspects of the process of municipal re-structuring and its effects on spatial development, considering these in the three states against the background of current discussions and reform measures.
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Coordination between Municipalities and Local Non-Municipal Public Units (NMPUs) for Supporting Urban Economic Development: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Evidence for the Example of Universities in Germany
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, J. Hinz
Koordination raumwirksamer Politik: Mehr Effizienz und Wirksamkeit von Politik durch abgestimmte Arbeitsteilung,
2015
Abstract
In many European cities, policymakers are trying to change the local paths of economic development to head in new directions, e.g. by trying to become a location for Non-Municipal Public Units (NMPUs), like federal special agencies, state museums, military bases, universities or publicly funded research institutes. But as the competencies for such local NMPUs are allocated to higher levels of government, the municipal level has no direct formal institutional responsibilities for influencing their location. Once a NMPU has chosen a certain location, support from the municipality may, however, stabilize the NMPU. There are some categories of NMPUs that should have considerable interest in local conditions, as determined by the municipal level. This paper first theoretically categorizes NMPUs with regard to their importance for the urban economy, with regard to the importance of local conditions for the performance of NMPUs and with regard to their degree of fiscal autonomy. It is shown that universities are one example of NMPUs where the relevance of coordinating activities with the municipalities is fairly high. The benefits of universities for local economic development have often been discussed. From the point of view of universities, their capacity to attract human capital depends on factors which may be influenced by the municipalities. This means that there is a reciprocal relationship between municipalities and universities; coordination by cooperation between the partners could be useful for both – but in practice there is often a lack of cooperation. Information policy is one relevant field for coordination: the city should highlight publicly the advantages of local universities; the universities should highlight the advantages of their city. As information policy is a field for which empirical data is available, the empirical part of the paper presents results from an analysis based on the internet presentations of selected cities and universities. It is shown that in most cities the level of coordination in this field is so far quite low. One possible way to achieve a higher degree of coordination could be to introduce fiscal incentives for cities.
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Business Cylce Effects of the 2014 Oil Price Slump
Andrej Drygalla, Stefan Gießler, Oliver Holtemöller
Wirtschaftskammer Österreich: Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter,
No. 4,
2015
Abstract
The price for crude oil has dropped remarkably since the middle of the year 2014. Business cycle effects of oil price changes depend on whether these are caused by demand or supply side factors. In the present paper, the decrease in oil prices since the middle of the year 2014 is decomposed into demand side and oil-market specific factors. Subsequently, the contribution of the decline in oil prices to the economic development since the third quarter of 2014 and the expected effects until the end of the year 2016 are analyzed using the international business cycle model of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). The analysis considers both, oil-exporting countries (Russia) as well as oil-importing economies (G7 countries and Austria). Economic activity is stimulated strongest in the United States and Japan, whereas it is remarkably curbed in Russia.
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Do We Need New Modelling Approaches in Macroeconomics?
Claudia M. Buch, Oliver Holtemöller
Financial Cycles and the Real Economy: Lessons for CESEE Countries,
2014
Abstract
The economic and financial crisis that emerged in 2008 also initiated an intense discussion on macroeconomic research and the role of economists in society. The debate focuses on three main issues. Firstly, it is argued that economists failed to predict the crisis and to design early warning systems. Secondly, it is claimed that economists use models of the macroeconomy which fail to integrate financial markets and which are inadequate to model large economic crises. Thirdly, the issue has been raised that economists invoke unrealistic assumptions concerning human behaviour by assuming that all agents are self-centred, rationally optimizing individuals. In this paper, we focus on the first two issues. Overall, our thrust is that the above statements are a caricature of modern economic theory and empirics. A rich field of research developed already before the crisis and picked up shortcomings of previous models.
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Im Fokus: Sächsische Kooperationsstrukturen im 7. Forschungsrahmenprogramm der Europäischen Union
Mirko Titze
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2014
Abstract
Im Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE) bieten zwischenbetriebliche Kooperationen die Möglichkeit, Spezialisierungsvorteile zu nutzen und Wissen auszutauschen. Für die Entstehung von Innovationen ist insbesondere personengebundenes Wissen wichtig, dessen Ausbreitung jedoch räumlich begrenzt ist. Für die Innovationsdynamik einer Region sind deswegen neben überregionalen Beziehungen auch regionale Kooperationen bedeutsam. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Kooperationsstrukturen innerhalb geförderter Verbundprojekte des 7. Forschungsrahmenprogramms der Europäischen Union (EU) für den Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2013. Die Untersuchung richtet sich auf den Freistaat Sachsen. Der Beitrag knüpft an eine Untersuchung aus dem Jahr 2013 an, die zeigte, dass sächsische Akteure in einer bestimmten Art von Förderprogrammen, den Bundesprogrammen, heute vergleichsweise viele Kooperationspartner in räumlicher Nähe wählen. Es zeigt sich, dass es formelle Kooperationen zwischen sächsischen Akteuren auch innerhalb der internationalen Konsortien der Forschungsrahmenprogramme der EU gibt. Damit ist der Grundstein für den Austausch von personengebundenem Wissen gelegt. Aus internationaler Perspektive waren in den angesprochenen Projekten vorwiegend Partner aus Westeuropa beteiligt.
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Post-transition Regions as Locations for Foreign Direct Investment of Multinational Enterprises
Andrea Gauselmann
Hochschulschrift, Online-Publikation,
2014
Abstract
Multinational enterprises invest abroad to tap into location-specific advantages and to enhance their own competitiveness. At the same time, they increase productivity and industrial up-grading in the region of location and can be considered agents of technological and economic development. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to current research by investigating, which determinants and motives influence foreign investors to locate in European post-transition economies, how they appraise the quality of location factors on-site and under which conditions a knowledge and technology transfer takes place between the foreign owned firm and domestic firms, thereby leading to a better understanding of what is the impact and benefit of foreign investment in these regions.
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The Development of Cities and Municipalities in Central and Eastern Europe: Introduction for a Special Issue of 'Urban Research and Practice'
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Albrecht Kauffmann
Urban Research & Practice, Vol. 7 (3),
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
Since the 1990s, local governments in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have been confronted by completely new structures and developments. This came after more than 40 years (or even longer in the case of the former Soviet Union) under a socialist regime and behind an iron curtain which isolated them from the non-socialist world. A lack of resources had led to an underinvestment in the refurbishment of older buildings, while relatively cheap ‘prefabricated’ housing had been built, not only in the outskirts of cities, but also within city centres. A lack of resources had also resulted in the fact that the socialist regimes were generally unable to replace old buildings with ‘modern’ ones; hence, there is a very rich heritage of historical monuments in many of these cities today. The centrally planned economies and the development of urban structures (including the shifts of population between cities and regions) were determined by ideology, political rationality and the integration of all CEE countries into the production schemes of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and its division of labour by location. The sudden introduction of a market economy, private property, democratic rules, local autonomy for cities and municipalities and access to the global economy and society may be seen as a kind of ‘natural experiment’. How would these new conditions shape the national systems of cities and municipalities? Which cities would shrink and which would grow? How would the relationship between core cities and their surrounding municipalities develop? And what would happen within these cities and with their built environment?
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The Impact of Local Factors on the Scope of Benefits from Public Investment: The Case of Tourism Infrastructure in Saxon Municipalities
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld, Albrecht Kauffmann
Urban Research & Practice,
No. 3,
2014
Abstract
Following the transition from socialist central planning economies to market economies in all of the former socialist countries, many regions have had to cope with severe structural changes and economic development problems. To overcome these problems, local governments have tried to invest in new public infrastructure to support the development of new industries. This paper looks at infrastructure that supports tourist activities and argues that the impact of infrastructure generally depends on certain local factors which differ between municipalities. One important factor is whether the local population possesses the relevant complementary factors, in particular the right ‘soft skills’.
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Does the Technological Content of Government Demand Matter for Private R&D? Evidence from US States
Viktor Slavtchev, Simon Wiederhold
Abstract
Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates the role of the technological content of government procurement in innovation. We theoretically show that a shift in the composition of public purchases toward high-tech products translates into higher economy-wide returns to innovation, leading to an increase in the aggregate level of private research and development (R&D). Collecting unique panel data on federal procurement in US states, we find that reshuffling procurement toward high-tech industries has an economically and statistically significant positive effect on private R&D, even after extensively controlling for other R&D determinants. Instrumental-variable estimations support a causal interpretation of our findings.
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