Endogenous Selection of Comparison Groups, Human Capital Formation, and Tax Policy
Oded Stark, Walter Hyll, Y. Wang
Economica,
No. 313,
2012
Abstract
We consider a setting in which the acquisition of human capital entails a change of location in social space that causes individuals to revise their comparison groups. Skill levels are viewed as occupational groups. Moving up the skill ladder by acquiring additional human capital, in itself rewarding, leads to a shift in the individual’s inclination to compare himself with a different, and on average better-paid, comparison group, in itself penalizing. We shed new light on the dynamics of human capital formation, and suggest novel policy interventions to encourage human capital formation in the aggregate and reduce inter-group income inequality.
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From District Capital to State Capital: What are the Consequences of Rebuilding the East German States for the System of Cities?
Albrecht Kauffmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2009
Abstract
20 years after the German unification, one may ask what consequences for the system of East German cities follow from the changes of the institutional framework. It may be expected that gains or losses of a location in the hierarchy of central places significantly affect the outcome of economic activity as well as the accumulation of – particularly human – capital. The reorganisation of countries on the territory of the former GDR that has elevated five former district capitals to the status of state capitals while the other ones became urban municipalities has created a model case whose implications were investigated by the IWH. The main objective was to identify a pattern of group formation within the former district capitals on the basis of socioeconomic indicators that coincides with the subgroups out of them with and without the status of a capital state. By means of cluster analysis, we have found that already from 1995 to 2000, differences between both groups with regard to income, structure of employment, human capital, and other indicators were significantly. In the period from 2002 to 2007, the spread of income is growing not only between both groups but also within the group of state capitals, dividing their cluster. We can conclude that the allocation of political institutions of higher centrality has influence on local economic development.
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Is the European Monetary Union an Endogenous Currency Area? The Example of the Labor Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Our study tries to find out whether wage dynamics between Euro member countries became more synchronized through the adoption of the common currency. We calculate bivarate correlation coefficients of wage and wage cost dynamics and run a model of endogenously induced changes of coefficients, which are explained by other variables being also endogenous: trade intensity, sectoral specialization, financial integration. We used a panel data structure to allow for cross-section weights for country-pair observations. We use instrumental variable regressions in order to disentangle exogenous from endogenous influences. We applied these techniques to real and nominal wage dynamics and to dynamics of unit labor costs. We found evidence for persistent asymmetries in nominal wage formation despite a single currency and monetary policy, responsible for diverging unit labor costs and for emerging trade imbalances among the EMU member countries.
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Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Bei den großen staatsphilosophischen Denkern nimmt die Frage der Rechtfertigung des Staates eine bedeutende Rolle ein. Aus ihr definiert sich das Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zwischen Staat und Bürgern – ob zweiseitiger oder Begünstigungsvertrag –, der Machtanspruch des Staates – ob starker oder schwacher Staat –, die Mitbestimmungsrechte – von volonté générale und Etatismus zu volonté particulière und klassischem Liberalismus – bis hin zur Frage, ob die Möglichkeit besteht, den Vertrag zu kündigen – kollektiv oder durch Emigration. Vor etwa einem Jahr ist eine neue Staatsrechtfertigung hinzugetreten. Systemrelevanz: Sie besagt, dass es in der Wirtschaft institutionelle Arrangements gibt, in denen intern alles miteinander verbunden, alles endogen ist und die nach außen nicht ersetzt werden können. Auch wenn solche Arrangements wettbewerblich organisiert sind, kann der Zusammenbruch eines Unternehmens dazu führen, dass nicht nur die anderen Unternehmen innerhalb dieses Arrangements, sondern das gesamte Wirtschaftssystem mitgerissen werden. Die Zerstörung wäre damit vollständig, einzelne Komponenten ließen sich nicht isolieren, in Quarantäne stellen und retten. Der Kollaps wäre total. Sobald also etwas als „systemisch“ identifiziert wird, darf – ja muss – der Staat im Fall einer Krise eingreifen, um deren Bewältigung zu organisieren. Denn die klassischen Instrumente der Wirtschaftspolitik greifen offensichtlich nicht mehr: Eine Neutralisierungspolitik, welche die Folgen für die Betroffenen abmildert – klassisch ist die Zahlung von Arbeitslosenunterstützung – wird unbezahlbar, sobald das Gesamtsystem zusammenbricht. Ein ursachengerechter Eingriff erscheint ebenso nicht denkbar, weil der singuläre Wirkungskanal fehlt. Früher sah man Geld als eine Institution an, die öffentlich zu organisieren war, und die Erfahrung lehrt, dass diese Einschätzung richtig ist. Heute stehen offensichtlich die Finanzinstitutionen im Allgemeinen unter dem Schutz des Staates.
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In which Ways do Universities React to New Technologies? The Case of Photovoltaics
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2008
Abstract
Universities can be conceived as actors in regional innovative systems with the functions to make available new knowledge for a region, to contribute to the human capital formation by teaching, and to the extension of the knowledge by research. These functions are in particular important concerning the adaptation of new technologies, e.g. photovoltaics. 89 German universities – amongst them 65 universities of applied sciences – meanwhile offer 171 full-time study courses with a degree oriented to photovoltaics. Each federal state has at least one university location offering such degrees. A certain spatial concentration of courses can be shown for Saxony, for the Ruhr Area and for the Rhine Main Region. Almost 90% of the degrees are offered by faculties of engineering. 43% of the universities with degrees in photovoltaics have successfully applied for research grants from the photovoltaics research programs of the federal government. These numbers show a spatial concentration of research in the South whereas the photovoltaics industry is concentrated in the East of Germany. This distribution indicates that the research opportunities tied to the photovoltaics industry are not in the Eastern part of Germany. Further research will have to pay more attention to the role of research institutes.
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