Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches
Johannes Stephan
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
2006
Abstract
This research assesses the firm-specific reasons for lower producitivity levels between West and East German firms. The study is based on a unique data-base generated by field-work in the two particularly important sectors of machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in explaining lower productivity levels, as well as particularly networking activities, and the use of modern technologies for communication. Classifying those as management-functions beyond the organisation of the production process itself, we identify management deficits as the main specific determinants of productivity gaps between West and East German firms.
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Die Lage der Weltwirtschaft und der deutschen Wirtschaft im Herbst 2006
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
2. Sonderausgabe
2006
Abstract
Der Aufschwung der Weltwirtschaft hält im Herbst 2006 an, er hat sich jedoch im Verlauf des Jahres etwas verlangsamt. Ausschlaggebend dafür war, dass die konjunkturelle Dynamik in den USA, und in geringerem Maße auch in Japan, nachließ. Dies wurde durch eine Beschleunigung der Expansion im Euroraum und in Großbritannien nicht aufgewogen. In den Schwellenländern blieb der Produktionsanstieg kräftig; dabei hat er sich in China im ersten Halbjahr noch einmal verstärkt, in den übrigen ostasiatischen Schwellenländern insgesamt eher verlangsamt. Die Unterschiede in der Dynamik zwischen den Industrieländern sind überwiegend dadurch bedingt, dass sich die Volkswirtschaften in verschiedenen Phasen des konjunkturellen Zyklus befinden. Die Rohstoffpreise stiegen in den ersten Monaten 2006 auch aufgrund der lebhaften Weltkonjunktur weiter stark. Die Preisbewegung auf den Rohstoffmärkten schlug auf die Verbraucherpreise durch; die Lohnkosten erhöhten sich in den Industrieländern zumeist moderat. Die Expansion der Weltwirtschaft wird sich im Prognosezeitraum etwas abschwächen, aber im längerfristigen Vergleich kräftig bleiben. Insgesamt wird das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt der Welt – in der Abgrenzung der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose – im Jahr 2006 um 3,7% und im Jahr 2007 um 3,1% zunehmen. Der Welthandel expandiert in diesem Jahr um 8,5% und im Jahr 2007 um reichlich 7%. Der Anstieg der Preise schwächt sich etwas ab. Die Wirtschaft des Euroraums befindet sich im Aufschwung. Der Anstieg des realen Bruttoinlandsprodukts hat sich vor allem in den Ländern erheblich beschleunigt, die, wie etwa Deutschland und Italien, in den Vorjahren unterdurchschnittliche Zuwächse aufwiesen. Die wesentlichen Impulse kamen von der Binnennachfrage, da insbesondere die Anlageinvestitionen kräftig ausgeweitet wurden. Der private Konsum legte leicht beschleunigt zu; die Bauinvestitionen expandierten spürbar. Auch der Außenbeitrag erhöhte sich, da die Exporte deutlich stärker als die Importe stiegen. Die EZB hat vor dem Hintergrund der anziehenden Konjunktur ihren geldpolitischen Kurs gestrafft, um zunehmenden Inflationsrisiken rechtzeitig entgegenzuwirken. Sie wird ihren maßgeblichen Leitzins bis zum Ende des laufenden Jahres auf 3,5% anheben und im kommenden Jahr auf diesem Niveau belassen. Dieser Satz dürfte in etwa dem neutralen Zinsniveau entsprechen. Die Lage der öffentlichen Haushalte im Euroraum hat sich leicht verbessert. Im kommenden Jahr wird die wirtschaftliche Expansion kräftig bleiben, sich jedoch infolge der nachlassenden expansiven Wirkung der Geldpolitik und des sich abschwächenden Booms der Weltwirtschaft etwas verlangsamen. Das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Euroraum wird im Jahr 2007 um 2,1% zunehmen, nach 2,6% in diesem Jahr. Die Inflationsrate wird im Jahr 2006 bei 2,2% und im Jahr 2007 bei 2,1% liegen.
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Microeconometric Evaluation and the Selection Bias – A practical Survey of Nonparametrical Solution Methods
Eva Reinowski
Zeitschrift für Evaluation 2,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
The application of evaluation strategies becomes more important in various fields of study. The problem of self-selection associated with microeconomic evaluation can be solved in different ways, but nonparametrical solutions are most popular. The study gives an overview of nonparametrical solution methods for this problem. The aim is to close the gap between introductory and the more sophisticated literature and to give some practical guidance for the choice of the appropriate method for empirical application. The assumptions as well as advantages and drawbacks for empirical application and the requirements to the data base are described for every approach. It becomes clear that there is no ‘magic bullet’. For an unbiased estimation the assumptions have to be fulfilled and the data at hand must be compatible with the respective method.
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The relationship between unemployment and output in post-communist countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
Post-Communist Economies,
2006
Abstract
Unemployment is still disappointingly high in most Central and East European countries, and might be a reflection of the ongoing adjustment to institutional shocks resulting from systemic transition, or it may be caused by high labour market rigidity, or aggregate demand that is too weak. In this paper we have investigated the dynamics of unemployment and output in those eight post-communist countries, which entered the EU in 2004. We used a model related to Okun’s Law; i.e. the first differences in unemployment rates were regressed on GDP growth rates. We estimated country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS) and applied a few tests to the data and regression results. We assume transition of labour markets to be accomplished when a robust relationship exists between unemployment rate changes and GDP growth. Moreover, the estimated coefficients contain information about labour market rigidity and unemployment thresholds of output growth. Our results suggest that the transition of labour markets can be regarded as completed since unemployment responds to output changes and not to a changing institutional environment that destroys jobs in the state sector. The regression coefficients have demonstrated that a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth have been occurring since 1998. Therefore, we conclude that labour market rigidities do not play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. However, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress and the employment-relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce the high level of unemployment substantially.
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The IWH signals approach: the present potential for a financial crisis in selected Central and East European countries and Turkey
Hubert Gabrisch, Simone Lösel
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
The steep increase of oil prices, general threats rooting from Iran’s nuclear program, and doubts about the future policy of important central banks recently caused more uncertainties of investors on international financial markets. This explains the higher volatility and the fall of indices on stock markets including those of some Central and East European countries. International investors could respond with adjustments of their portfolio and trigger off a financial crisis. On this background, the article studies the potential for a financial crises in the region mentioned. The analytical tool is the IWH signals approach. The study concludes that the risk of the outbreak of a financial crisis within the next 18 months is rather unrealistic in most countries. A stable economic policy, high real growth rates, a financial system already robust compared to earlier times of transition, and appropriate exchange rate arrangements protect the countries against speculative attacks and portfolio adjustments. When the composite indicator shows deterioration like in the Baltic countries, it turned out to be negligible. For the Slovak Republic and Slovenia, the composite indicator even improved. A closer look to individual indicators reveals still some problems in the banking sectors of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, however, without out major impact on the composite indicator.
This general assessment does not apply to Romania, and, in particular, to Turkey. The composite indicator signals a significant increase of the risk potential for the next 18 months in both countries. There is a considerable need for sound policy action.
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The Effects of Shared ATM Networks on the Efficiency of Turkish Banks
H. Evren Damar
Applied Economics,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
This study investigates whether forming shared ATM networks has yielded positive benefits for banks in Turkey by increasing their productive efficiency. Using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, pure technical and scale efficiency scores of Turkish banks are estimated and analysed for the period 2000–2003. The results suggest that although it is possible to realize positive effects through ATM sharing arrangements, there are multiple factors that determine which banks realize such benefits. The geographical distribution of shared ATMs between urban and rural markets and the level of competition between banks within urban areas are shown to be important determinants of differences in bank efficiency. This discrepancy between the gains associated with ATM sharing may have important implications concerning the adoption and sharing of new technology by banks in developing countries.
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Gesamtwirtschaftliche Effekte der Förderung regenerativer Energien, insbesondere der Biomasse - Eine kritische Beurteilung vor dem Hintergrund modelltheoretischer Konzeptionen
Götz Zeddies
Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik und Umweltrecht 2/2006,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
Renewable energies are largely promoted in the Federal Republic of Germany by means of political instruments by the federal government as well as by the federal states. However, the effects of promoting renewable energies on growth and employment are politically controversial. On the part of the scientists, the macroeconomic effects of the promotion of renewable energies were already analysed in different studies by various authors. At first sight, even the scientific results do not allow definite conclusions. The reasons for this may be seen in the diversity of the applied empirical methods and models with respect to their closeness and the model assumptions. Against the background of these difficulties, the aim of this paper is to discuss the general problems of macroeconomic policy analyses, to formulate methodical model requirements and to examine important existing scientific studies with respect to these requirements and to evaluate their results.
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Vernetzung und einzelwirtschaftliche Effekte von Unternehmen der Kunststoff- und Biotechnologiebranche in Mitteldeutschland - eine Analyse am Beispiel der Clusterinitiativen „Chemie/Kunststoffe“ und „Biotechnologie/Life Sciences“
Walter Komar
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
According to theoretical implications the success of enterprises benefits from co-operation in clusters and networks. Studies of cluster and network processes show this for the industries chemistry/plastics and biotechnology/Life Sciences in Central Ger-many. Therefore enterprises which are organized in networks have better economic characteristics. Estimations of the productivity of firms using co-operation-based and non-co-operation-based factors as independent variables reveal a significantly positive influence of the propensity to co-operate as well as networking. In this regard scientific institutions and universities located in the region of firms play an important role. From this analysis it can be generalized and concluded, also concerning other industries, that networks emerge automatically under certain conditions. Nevertheless their creation and development should be encouraged, e.g. by efficiency strengthening of public research and university education as well as the intensification of co-operation and networking between the scientific and the corporate sector. This can promote the technology and human capital transfer.
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Wie steht es in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern um die Ballung wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten? - Eine Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Städte des Landes
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Rostocker Beiträge zur Regional- und Strukturforschung, Heft 18,
No. 18,
2006
Abstract
Urban and regional economics put great emphasis on urban spaces and, in general, on the importance of agglomeration forces, which is of great importance for the development perspectives of structurally weak regions. This in mind, the contribution investigates the extent and the structures of economic agglomeration characteristics, using the example of the cities in the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In this context, the question is raised whether the potential given there might be better used to achieve economic progress. The contribution starts with a brief theoretical overview on the importance of agglomeration forces for urban and regional development. The empirical section comprises, first, an analysis how the cities under consideration are endowed with factors being regarded as important for economic growth; second, two essential elements of agglomeration of economic activities are investigated more in-depth: spatially concentrated industries and business networks. The investigation is based on a method which was already in use within an East-Germany wide study on Economic Development Spots (project on behalf of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning - BBR, finished in 2004). Finally, the contribution draws implications for the economic policy at the Laender level as well as at the municipal level.
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Business cycle latest: Besides increasing downward risks, the German domestic business cycle puts in a higher gear
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 6,
2006
Abstract
Die deutsche Wirtschaft ist in den ersten Monaten dieses Jahres nach kurzzeitiger Pause auf den Aufschwungpfad zurückgekehrt. Treibende Kraft war die Nachfrage aus dem Ausland. Aber auch die Unternehmen in Deutschland schafften mehr Ausrüstungs- und die privaten Haushalte mehr Konsumgüter als Ende 2005 an. Der Aufschwung entwickelte sich damit auf einer breiten Basis. Seine Stärke blieb jedoch hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Die Expansion der Nachfrage zog eine hohe Dynamik der Importe nach sich. Dies bremste den Produktionsanstieg. Zudem stand die besonders ungünstige Witterung in den Wintermonaten der Entfaltung der Bauaktivitäten im Wege. So fiel der Start im neuen Jahr verhalten aus.
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