Economic Structure and Regional Performance in Germany, 2002-2007
Alexander Kubis, Matthias Brachert, Mirko Titze
European Planning Studies,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
This paper explores the impact of industrial clusters on regional growth at the German labour market region level using a regional convergence model. Based on the results of an exploratory study of the geography of German industrial clusters, we are able to differentiate the impact of industrial clustering from a horizontal and a vertical perspective while taking regional convergence into consideration. The results indicate that in addition to an all-German process of convergence, a specific East German one can be identified. The different types of industrial clusters show mixed effects within this framework. While vertically isolated industrial clusters have a negative impact on regional growth in this period, positive growth effects can be identified when industrial clusters show an intra-regional vertical interconnectedness.
Read article
Die Entwicklung der Corporate Governance deutscher Banken seit 1950
R. H. Schmidt, Felix Noth
Bankhistorisches Archiv,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
The present paper gives an overview of the development of Corporate Governance of German banks since the 1950s. The focus will be on economic analysis. The most striking changes in Corporate Governance occurred with the ownership structure of commercial banks, in particular with the major joint-stock banks. In addition to that, the capital market has become a core element of Corporate Governance in all major German banks, which have replaced their prior concentration on the interests of a broadly defined circle of stakeholders by a one-sided concentration on shareholders’ interests. In contrast, with savings banks and cooperative cooperative banks, Corporate Governance has remained unchanged for the most part. Exceptions to this are the regional state banks: in their case, after they had turned away from traditional business models and in particular following the discontinuation of the guarantee obligation, the problems of their Corporate Governance, which were already discernible beforehand, became quite obvious. If you include the financial crisis, beginning in 2007, in the analysis, it becomes evident that it was precisely a Corporate Governance unilaterally geared to shareholders’ interest and the efficiency of the capital market that materially contributed to the evolution and widening of the crisis.
Read article
IWH-Industrieumfrage im November 2010: Hochstimmung im Konsumgütergewerbe
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2010
Abstract
Die rege Geschäftstätigkeit im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands setzt sich auf dem Niveau der vergangenen Monate fort. Darauf verweisen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage vom November unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Die Salden der beiden Komponenten des Geschäftsklimas haben sich seit September nur geringfügig verändert; bei der Geschäftslage um einen Punkt nach oben und bei den Geschäftsaussichten um zwei Punkte nach unten. Damit ist die Lage in der ostdeutschen Industrie seit Ende 2009 von Umfrage zu Umfrage positiver bewertet worden.
Read article
Lohnpolitische Koordinierung in der EU: Wie Gewerkschaften agieren
Toralf Pusch, Vera Glassner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2010
Abstract
In den letzten Monaten hat sich die Diskussion über mehr wirtschaftspolitische Koordinierung in der EU und insbesondere in der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion intensiviert. Dabei wurde unter anderem die unterschiedliche
Entwicklung der preislichen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit thematisiert. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die seit einigen Jahren von den europäischen Branchengewerkschaftsverbänden forcierten Bemühungen
zur Koordinierung der Lohnverhandlungen von besonderem Interesse, da die daraus resultierenden Lohnpolitiken womöglich Folgen für den
weiteren Bedarf an wirtschaftspolitischer Abstimmung in der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion haben könnten. Am Beispiel des 1997
gegründeten Lohnverhandlungsnetzwerks der IG Metall in Nordrhein-Westfalen und der Metallgewerkschaften Belgiens sowie der Niederlande wird in diesem Beitrag die tatsächliche Effektivität der grenzüberschreitenden lohnpolitischen Koordinierung untersucht, sowohl hinsichtlich der Zielsetzungen der Gewerkschaften als auch der Wirtschaftspolitik der EU. Es zeigt sich, dass das gewerkschaftliche Ziel einer produktivitätsorientierten Lohnentwicklung seit der Einrichtung des Netzwerks tendenziell erreicht werden konnte. Für eine Orientierung an der jüngst in der „Europa 2020“- Strategie bekräftigten Lohnleitlinie der EU-Wirtschaftspolitik konnte hingegen keine Evidenz gefunden
werden.
Read article
Regional Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Biotech Industry: Exploring the Transition from Award-winning Nascent Entrepreneurs to Real Start-ups
H. Wolf, Claus Michelsen, Michael Schwartz
Abstract
Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new
approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups.
Read article
Von der Intention zur Gründung - Gründerwettbewerbe in Deutschland
N. Waldmann, Michael Schwartz, Claus Michelsen
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
The number of aspiring entrepreneurs in high-tech industries that succeed in completing the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation is too low in Germany. Responding to this unsatisfactory situation, since the mid 1990s, numerous start-up competitions (or business plan competitions) have been established to stimulate the transition from nascent to real entrepreneurship. Those competitions have too major objectives: Increasing start-up probabilities by mobilizing potential entrepreneurs while simultaneously increasing the probability of start-up success of the prospective start-ups. Despite their importance as (policy) measure to encourage entrepreneurship, a discussion of their effectiveness is missing so far. The present article tries to contribute to the understanding of start-up competitions by providing broad empirical evidence on the development, on the regional distribution and on the most important characteristics of existing start-up competitions in Germany. Further, the article presents and discusses most important empirical results regarding the effectiveness of those start-up competitions (and other important factors as well) to act as a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation in high-technology industries. Finally, we derive conclusions for an agenda of main future research questions.
Read article
03.12.2010 • 67/2010
IWH-Industrieumfrage im November 2010: Hochstimmung im Konsumgütergewerbe
Die rege Geschäftstätigkeit im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands setzt sich auf dem Niveau der vergangenen Monate fort. Darauf verweisen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage vom November unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Die Salden der beiden Komponenten des Geschäftsklimas haben sich seit September nur geringfügig verändert; bei der Geschäftslage um einen Punkt nach oben und bei den Geschäftsaussichten um zwei Punkte nach unten. Damit ist die Lage in der ostdeutschen Industrie seit Ende 2009 von Umfrage zu Umfrage positiver bewertet worden.
Finance and Growth in a Bank-Based Economy: Is It Quantity or Quality that Matters?
Michael Koetter, Michael Wedow
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 8,
2010
Abstract
Most finance–growth studies approximate the size of financial systems rather than the quality of intermediation to explain economic growth differentials. Furthermore, the neglect of systematic differences in cross-country studies could drive the result that finance matters. We suggest a measure of bank’s intermediation quality using bank-specific efficiency estimates and focus on the regions of one economy only: Germany. This quality measure has a significantly positive effect on growth. This result is robust to the exclusion of banks operating in multiple regions, controlling for the proximity of financial markets, when distinguishing different banking sectors active in Germany, and when excluding the structurally weaker East from the sample.
Read article
de-industrialisation and re-industrialisation. Is the East German industry a stability factor of regional economic development?
Gerhard Heimpold
Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung im Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (Hrsg.), 20 Jahre deutsche Einheit – Zwei Dekaden im Rückblick. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 10/11,
2010
Abstract
The contribution analyses the development of the manufacturing sector in East German regions after 1990. The focal question is whether the manufacturing sector has evolved as a factor which contributes to stabilization of regional economic development. Though until 2008 – when the economic recession began – the manufacturing sector evolved as an engine of growth , the intra-industry structure of the manufacturing sector reveals a number of shortcomings, especially below average proportions of technology-driven industries and high-grade service activities. Further structural change will be needed.
Read article
Economic Effects of Investment Grants for Water and Sewerage Infrastructure – The Case of Saxony
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
The article deals with the regional economic growth effects of the German “Joint Scheme” for the improvement of regional economic structures (“GA-Infra”). It focuses on water and sewerage projects located in the federal state of Saxony (Germany) during the funding period 2000-2007. Evaluating these projects is important for scientific as well as for economic policy reasons.
First of all, according to general economic theory, the potential direct and indirect supply-side effects of the water and sewerage infrastructure as well as the price effects caused by this infrastructure are relevant for location decisions only to certain branches of the manufacturing industry.
Subsidies for the development of the sewerage infrastructure have been granted mostly according to the growth target of regional policy, i.e. primarily to municipalities with above-average volumes of industry sewage. This finding could not be confirmed for water provision.
A regression analysis (estimating the labour demand of the local manufacturing industry) showed no empirical evidence for any relationship between the changes in labour demand and the amount of GA-Infra funded water and sewerage infrastructure investments. This might be a consequence of the already satisfactory development condition of the infrastructure in question at the beginning of the funding period (“ubiquitous infrastructure”).
According to a survey of local governments conducted by the IWH, these results might be explained by the fact that business customers did not benefit from price reductions despite the GA-Infra funding granted to their local water and sewage disposal providers. Even though there might be some intuitively plausible reasons (decreasing population, no connection fees) for these findings, no effect on firm location decisions can be expected under these circumstances.
All in all, we do not consider the further extension of these funding priorities to be necessary. Especially, the GA-Infra water/sewerage grants should neither be used to mitigate the cost effects of demographic changes or regulation nor to compensate for losses caused by the buyer power of large firms.
Read article