Universities and Innovation in Space
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Freiberg Working Papers, Nr. 15-2006,
No. 15,
2006
Abstract
We investigate the role of universities as a knowledge source for regional innovation processes. The contribution of universities is tested on the level of German NUTS-3 regions (Kreise) by using a variety of indicators. We find that the intensity and quality of the research conducted by the universities have a significant effect on regional innovative output while pure size is unimportant. Therefore, a policy that wants to promote regional innovation processes by building up universities should place substantial emphasis on the intensity and quality of the research conducted there.
Read article
Wie die Wirtschaftsberichterstattung der Medien das Konsumentenvertrauen lenkt
Sophie Wörsdorfer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2005
Abstract
In der Konjunkturbeobachtung haben Stimmungsindikatoren, wie das Geschäftsklima oder das Konsumentenvertrauen, große öffentliche Bedeutung erlangt. An deren Analyse knüpfen sich die Erwartungen, Anhaltspunkte für das zukünftige Verhalten der Wirtschaftsakteure zu gewinnen. Allerdings besteht weitgehend Unklarheit darüber, wie die Konsumenten bzw. Unternehmer zu ihren Einschätzungen gelangen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht exemplarisch die Rolle der Wirtschaftsberichterstattung der Medien für die Erwartungsbildung der Konsumenten. Dazu werden mehrere sogenannte „Medienindikatoren“ spezifiziert, welche die positive oder negative Tendenz der wirtschaftsbezogenen Berichterstattung abbilden. Die Grundlage bildet der Datensatz des Instituts „Medien Tenor“ zur Darstellung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Lage und des Wirtschaftsstandorts Deutschland in ausgewählten Nachrichtensendungen des deutschen Fernsehens. Die Stimmung der Konsumenten wird anhand des „Consumer Confidence Indicator“ operationalisiert. Die statistischen Tests lassen für den zugrunde liegenden Zeitraum 1995-2005 auf einen teilweise recht engen Zusammenhang zwischen den Schwankungen des von den Medien verbreiteten Tenors und denen der Konsumentenstimmung schließen. Insbesondere negative Meldungen entfalten eine starke Wirkung. Die Ergebnisse der ex post-Prognosen hingegen überzeugen nicht und veranschaulichen, daß zu einer verläßlichen Vorhersage der Entwicklung der Konsumentenstimmung über die Fernsehnachrichten hinaus noch weitere Faktoren heranzuziehen sind.
Read article
The unemployment-growth relationship in transition countries
Hubert Gabrisch, Herbert Buscher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 5,
2005
Abstract
Does the disappointingly high unemployment in Central and East European countries reflect non-completed adjustment to institutional shocks from transition to a market economy, or is it the result of high labour market rigidities, or rather a syndrome of too weak aggregate demand and output? In the case of transitional causes, unemployment is expected to decline over time. Otherwise, it would pose a challenge to the European Union, particular in case of accession countries, for it jeopardizes the ambitious integration plans of, and may trigger excessive migration to the Union. In order to find out which hypothesis holds 15 years after transition has started, we analyze the unemploymentgrowth dynamics in the eight new member countries from Central-Eastern Europe. The study is based on country and panel regressions with instrument variables (TSLS). The results suggest to declare the transition of labour markets as completed; unemployment responds to output and not to a changing institutional environment for job creation. The regression coefficients report a high trend rate of productivity and a high unemployment intensity of output growth since 1998. The conclusion is that labour market rigidities do not to play an important role in explaining high unemployment rates. Rather, GDP growth is dominated by productivity progress, while the employment relevant component of aggregate demand is too low to reduce substantially the high level of unemployment.
Read article
16.11.2005 • 41/2005
Professor Jean Marie Dufour PhD forscht am IWH
Professor Jean Marie Dufour PhD, einer der bedeutendsten theoretischen Ökonometriker der Welt, wird im Jahr 2006 am Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle und an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg forschen. Er erhielt den prestigeträchtigen Konrad-Adenauer-Preis der Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. Dieser wurde anläßlich des Besuches von Bundeskanzler Dr. Helmut Kohl an der Universität Toronto 1988 ins Leben gerufen. Er dient der Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen Kanada und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und kann einmal jährlich an einen international anerkannten kanadischen Wissenschaftler verliehen werden. Mit der Preisverleihung wird die wissenschaftliche Lebensleistung des Preisträgers gewürdigt.
How do multinationals meet investment decisions: The case study of General Motors
Diemo Dietrich, Daniel Höwer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2005
Abstract
The recent events around Opel, the German subsidiary of General Motors, has attracted a great deal of attention, especially with respect to the influence of multinational corporations on the German economy. General Motors' announcement of an internal competition for production capacities in June 2004 has led some observers to the assessment that this would be a step towards more efficiency and profitability. But such internal competition for ressources may be hampered and end up in inefficiency. This is because informational frictions and enforcement problems within a corporation restrict the headquarters ability and willingness to allocate ressources efficiently. Against this background, we discuss possible problems associated with the internal capital allocation within multinational corporations and show their relevance in the case of General Motors.
Read article
The Impact of Institutions on the Employment Performance in European Labour Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Christian Dreger, Raúl Ramos, Jordi Surinach
Discussion Paper No. 1732,
2005
Abstract
The paper investigates the role of institutions for labor market performance across European countries. As participation rates have been rather stable over the past, the unemployment problem is mainly caused by shortages in labor demand. Labor demand is expressed by its structural parameters, such as the elasticities of employment to output and factor prices. Institutional variables include employment protection legislation, the structure of wage bargaining, measures describing the tax and transfer system and active labor market policies. As cointegration between employment, output and factor prices is detected, labor demand equations are fitted in levels by efficient estimation techniques. Then, labor demand elasticities are explained by institutions using panel fixed effects regressions. The results suggest that higher flexibility and incentives of households to work appear to be appropriate strategies to improve the employment record. The employment response to economic conditions is stronger in a more deregulated environment, and the absorption of shocks can be relieved.
Read article
Advances in macroeconometric modeling: Papers and Proceedings of the 4th IWH Workshop in Macroeconometrics
Christian Dreger
Schriften des IWH,
No. 19,
2005
Abstract
This volume contains the contributions to the 4th Workshop of the Halle Institute for Economic Research IWH (www.iwh-halle.de) in macroeconometrics held in November 2003. The workshop takes place every year and is especially designed for the presentation of new work in the field of applied research.
Read article
Non-market Allocation in Transport: A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition
Ulrich Blum
50 Years of Transport Research: Experiences Gained and Major Challenges Ahead,
2005
Abstract
Economic theory knows two systems of coordination: through public choice or through the market principle. If the market is chosen, then it may either be regulated, or it may be fully competitive (or be in between these two extremes). This paper first inquires into the reasons for regulation, it analyses the reasons for the important role of government in the transportation sector, especially in the procurement of infrastructure. Historical reasons are seen as important reasons for bureaucratic objections to deregulation. Fundamental economic concepts are forwarded that suggest market failure and justify a regulatory environment. The reasons for regulation cited above, however, may be challenged; we forward theoretical concepts from industrial organization theory and from institutional economics which suggest that competition is even possible on the level of infrastructure. The transition from a strongly regulated to a competitive environment poses problems that have given lieu to numerous failures in privatization and deregulation. Structural inertia plays an important role, and the incentive-compatible management of infrastructure is seen as the key element of any liberal transportation policy. It requires that the setting of rules on the meta level satisfies both local and global efficiency ends. We conclude that, in market economies, competition and regulation should not be substitutes but complements. General rules, an "ethic of competition" have to be set that guarantee a level playing field to agents; it is complimented by institutions that provide arbitration in case of misconduct.
Read article
Negotiated Third Party Access - an Industrial Organisation Perspective
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
European Journal of Law and Economics,
2005
Abstract
In the course of the liberalization of European energy markets, the German government opted – diverging from all other European countries – for Negotiated Third-Party Access. In this article we analyze if, theoretically, this institutional regime can be superior to regulation. We review empirically whether certain aspects of the actual implementation, in particular publication of the network access charges for each network supplier, facilitated or inhibited competition. In the first place we reconsider previous research, showing that NTPA can – under certain conditions – be economically effective. Our empirical analysis shows that the duty of publishing access charges supported market transparency and imposed a regulatory threat, particularly to suppliers with significantly above-average charges. On the other hand observable price adjustments over time serve as an indicator of tacit collusion. Although the expensive suppliers cut their prices, the cheaper ones raised theirs.
Read article
Kooperation, Vernetzung und Erfolg von Unternehmen - die Biotechnologiebranche
Walter Komar
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
No. 2,
2005
Abstract
According to theoretical implications the succes of enterprises benefits from co-operation and integration into networks. Enterprises of the biotechnology sector in particular have a high propensity to build up co-operations. Estimations of the growth of firms using co-operation-based and non-co-operation-based factors as independent variables reveal a significantly positive influence of the propensity of co-operation as well as networking. In this regard scientific institutions and universities located in geographical proximity of firms play an important role. From this analysis it can be generalized and concluded, concerning other industries too, that networks emerge automatically under certain conditions. Nevertheless their creation and development should be encouraged, e.g. by efficiency incentives for public research and education of universities as well as an intensification of co-operation and networking between the scientific and the corporate sector. This can promote the technology and human capital transfer.
Read article